Organic thiab Inorganic Molecules

Zoo Siab

• Cov organic molecules
• Inorganic Molecules
• Piv txwv ntawm cov organic molecules
• Piv txwv ntawm inorganic molecules

Chemistry sib txawv ntawm ob hom molecules ntawm qhov teeb meem, raws li hom atoms uas tsim lawv: organic molecules thiab inorganic molecules.

Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm ob hom molecule (thiab ntawm cov tshuaj uas tau tsim los ntawm lawv) yog raws, ntau dua li txhua yam, thaum muaj cov pa roj carbon (C) atoms tsim covalent bonds nrog lwm cov atoms carbon lossis nrog hydrogen atoms (H), nrog rau lwm yam nquag nquag xws li oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S), Phosphorus (P) thiab ntau yam ntxiv.

Molecules uas muaj cov qauv carbon no lawv raug hu ua organic molecules thiab lawv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub neej raws li peb paub nws.

• Saib: Cov organic thiab inorganic sib xyaw

Cov organic molecules

Ib ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov tshuaj organic yog lawv combustibility, yog lawv tuaj yeem hlawv thiab poob lossis hloov lawv cov qauv qub, raws li yog qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov hydrocarbons uas ua rau fossil roj. Ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj ob hom tshuaj organic, nyob ntawm lawv keeb kwm:

• Ntuj organic molecules. Cov uas tau tsim los ntawm cov tsiaj muaj sia thiab qhov ntawd yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lawv lub cev. Lawv paub tias yog biomolecules.
• Artificial organic molecules. Lawv tshuav lawv keeb kwm los ntawm txhais tes ntawm tus txiv neej, vim lawv tsis muaj nyob hauv qhov zoo li. Qhov no yog rooj plaub ntawm plastics, piv txwv.

Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias dav tsuas muaj plaub hom organic molecules ua lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj txhu: protein ntau, lipid, carbohydrates, nucleotides thiab cov molecules me me.

Inorganic Molecules

Cov inorganic moleculesQhov thib ob, Lawv tsis yog raws li cov pa roj carbon, tab sis lwm yam ntsiab lus sib txawv, uas yog vim li cas lawv tseem tshuav lawv keeb kwm rau kev tawm tsam sab nrauv lub neej, xws li kev nqis tes ua hluav taws xob thiab kev sib txawv ntawm nuclear sib txuas uas tso cai rau tshuaj lom neeg. Cov atomic bonds hauv hom molecule no tuaj yeem yog ionic (kev pom zoo) lossis covalent, tab sis lawv cov txiaj ntsig tsis yog ib qho muaj sia nyob.

Cov kab sib faib ntawm cov organic thiab inorganic molecules feem ntau tau nug thiab suav tias yog kev xav, vim tias ntau yam tshuaj tsis muaj tshuaj muaj carbon thiab hydrogen. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj cai tsim los qhia tias tag nrho cov organic molecules yog ua raws cov pa roj carbon, tab sis tsis yog tag nrho cov pa roj carbon molecules yog organic.

• Saib kuj: Organic thiab Inorganic Matter

Piv txwv ntawm cov organic molecules

1. Cov piam thaj (C.₆H₁₂LOS YOG₆). Ib qho ntawm cov suab thaj tseem ceeb (carbohydrates) uas ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim kho ntawm ntau yam organic polymers (lub zog cia lossis cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm), thiab los ntawm nws cov txheej txheem biochemical, tsiaj tau txais lawv lub zog tseem ceeb (ua pa).
2. Cellulose (cov₆H₁₀LOS YOG₅). Biopolymer qhov tseem ceeb rau tsob ntoo lub neej thiab muaj biomolecule ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj chaw. Yog tsis muaj nws, nws yuav tsis yooj yim los tsim cov phab ntsa ntawm tsob ntoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag, yog li nws yog cov txheej txheem uas tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau.
3. Fructose (C.₆H₁₂LOS YOG₆). Qab zib monosaccharide muaj nyob hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, zaub thiab zib ntab, nws muaj cov mis zoo ib yam tab sis cov qauv sib txawv ntawm cov piam thaj (nws yog nws isomer). Ua ke nrog tom kawg, nws tsim cov sucrose lossis cov lus qab zib ntau.
4. Cov kua qaub formic (CH₂LOS YOG₂). Cov organic yooj yim tshaj plaws uas muaj, siv los ntawm ntsaum thiab muv ua rau khaus rau lawv cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv. Nws kuj tseem zais los ntawm nettles thiab lwm yam nroj tsuag, thiab yog ib feem ntawm cov sib txuas uas ua rau zib ntab.
5. Methane (UA₄). Cov hydrocarbon Qhov yooj yim alkane ntawm txhua qhov, nws cov pa roj tsw qab tsis muaj xim, tsis hnov ​​tsw thiab insoluble hauv dej. Nws yog qhov feem ntau ntawm cov pa nkev thiab cov khoom nquag ntawm cov txheej txheem zom zaub mov tsiaj.
6. Collagen Cov protein tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov fibers, ib txwm muaj rau txhua tus tsiaj thiab uas ua rau cov pob txha, cov leeg thiab tawv nqaij, uas ntxiv txog 25% ntawm tag nrho cov protein ntawm cov tsiaj hauv lub cev.
7. Benzene (C.₆H₆). Cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab hydrocarbon muaj li ntawm rau carbon atoms nyob rau hauv lub hexagon zoo thiab txuas los ntawm hydrogen bonds, nws yog xim tsis muaj xim nrog cov nplaim hluav taws tsw qab heev. Nws tau paub tias yog cov txheej txheem yooj yim ntawm txhua yam tshuaj lom neeg organic, txij li nws yog lub hauv paus pib hauv kev tsim kho ntawm ntau yam tshuaj organic.
8. DNA. Deoxyribonucleic acid yog nucleotide polymer thiab cov txheej txheem yooj yim ntawm cov khoom siv caj ces ntawm cov tsiaj txhu, uas nws cov lus qhia tso cai rov ua dua ntawm txhua yam khoom tsim nyog rau nws tsim, ua haujlwm thiab tsim tawm thaum kawg. Yog tsis muaj lawv, kev xa mus los ntawm caj ces yuav tsis yooj yim sua.
9. RNA. Ribonucleic acid yog lwm cov qauv tseem ceeb hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov protein thiab cov tshuaj uas ua rau muaj sia nyob. Tsim los ntawm cov saw ntawm ribonucleotides, nws tso siab rau DNA rau kev ua tiav thiab rov ua dua ntawm cov lej caj ces, qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev faib xov tooj ntawm tes thiab hauv tsab cai lij choj ntawm txhua txoj kev ua neej nyuaj.
10. Cov roj (cholesterol). Lipid tam sim no hauv lub cev nqaij thiab cov ntshav ntshav ntawm lub cev vertebrates, qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev cai lij choj ntawm cov ntshav ntshav ntawm cov cell, txawm tias qhov tseeb tias nws qib hauv cov ntshav siab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem hauv kev ncig ntshav.

Piv txwv ntawm inorganic molecules

1. Cov pa roj carbon monoxide (CO). Txawm hais tias tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov pa roj carbon thiab ib qho pa oxygen, nws yog cov qauv tsis muaj kuab lom thiab a ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug tsis tshua muaj tshuaj lom, uas yog hais, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws nrog feem ntau ntawm cov paub muaj sia nyob.
2. Cov dej (H.₂LOS YOG). Thaum tseem ceeb rau lub neej thiab kab tias yog ib qho ntawm cov neeg paub ntau tshaj plaws thiab muaj ntau cov molecules, dej tsis muaj kuab lom. Nws muaj peev xwm muaj cov tsiaj muaj sia nyob hauv nws, zoo li ntses, thiab nws nyob sab hauv, tab sis nws tsis muaj txoj sia nyob.
3. Ammonia (NH)₃). Cov pa roj tsis muaj xim nrog cov ntxhiab tsw phem, muaj nyob hauv cov kab mob muaj sia nyob lom thiab tuag taus, txawm tias nws yog cov khoom tsim los ntawm ntau cov txheej txheem lom. Tias yog vim li cas nws thiaj li tawm ntawm lawv lub cev, hauv cov zis, piv txwv.
4. Sodium chloride (NaCl). Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov ntsev ntau, sib tov hauv dej thiab tam sim no hauv cov kab mob muaj sia, uas noj nws los ntawm lawv cov zaub mov noj thiab pov tseg qhov ntau dhau los ntawm ntau yam txheej txheem kev zom zaub mov.
5. Calcium oxide (CaO). Paub tias yog cov kua qaub los yog cov kua qaub, nws los ntawm cov pob zeb limestone thiab tau siv ntev hauv keeb kwm hauv kev tsim kho lossis tsim khoom Greek hluav taws.
6. Ozone (cov₃). Cov khoom ntev nyob rau sab saud ntawm huab cua (txheej txheej ozone) uas nws cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb uas tso cai rau nws nyob ua ib ke, txij li ib txwm nws cov ntawv cog lus lwj thiab rov ua cov ntawv diatomic (O₂). Nws yog siv rau kev ntxuav dej, tab sis ntau qhov ntau nws tuaj yeem ua rau khaus thiab muaj tshuaj lom me ntsis.
7. Ferric oxide (Fe₂LOS YOG₃). Cov hlau oxide nquag, hlau ntev siv hauv ntau yam tib neeg kev lag luam, yog xim liab thiab tsis zoo tus neeg xyuas hluav taws xob. Nws yog cua sov ruaj khov thiab yaj tau yooj yim hauv cov kua qaub, muab nce mus rau lwm qhov sib xyaw.
8. Helium (Nws). Cov roj zoo, nrog rau argon, neon, xenon thiab krypton, ntawm qhov qis heev lossis tsis muaj tshuaj lom tshuaj, uas muaj nyob hauv nws cov mis monatomic.
9. Cov pa roj carbon dioxide (CO₂). Molecule tshwm sim los ntawm kev ua pa, uas ntiab tawm nws, tab sis tsim nyog rau cov nroj tsuag photosynthesis, uas coj nws los ntawm huab cua. Nws yog cov khoom tseem ceeb rau lub neej, tab sis tsis muaj peev xwm tsim cov organic molecules, txawm tias muaj cov pa roj carbon atom.
10. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) hmoov. Cov ntxhiab tsw dawb tsis hnov ​​tsw, hu ua caustic soda, yog lub hauv paus muaj zog, uas yog, cov khoom muaj cov tshuaj tsw qab heev, uas ua rau muaj cua sov (ua kom sov) thaum yaj hauv dej. Hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov tshuaj organic nws tsim kev puas tsuaj.

Nws tuaj yeem pab koj:

• Piv txwv ntawm Molecules
• Piv txwv ntawm Macromolecules
• Piv txwv ntawm Biomolecules
• Piv txwv ntawm Biochemistry