Zoo Siab
Cov cov alkanes yog chav kawm ntawm hydrocarbons uas muaj cov lej sib txawv cov pa roj carbon atoms tau koom ua ke los ntawm ib leeg ib leeg, zoo li lub cev pob txha, thiab txhua lub atom carbon tau tig los txuas rau hydrogen atoms, uas thaum kawg yuav raug hloov los ntawm lwm yam cov atoms lossis pawg tshuaj lom neeg
Cov mis mos molecular ntawm alkanes yog CnH2n + 2 ib, qhov twg C sawv cev rau carbon, H nruab nrab yog hydrogen thiab n sawv cev rau tus lej ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms. Alkanes yog saturated hydrocarbons. Txhawm rau npe lawv, cov ntawv txuas ntxiv "-xyoo”.
Nws tuaj yeem pab koj:
- Piv txwv ntawm Alkynes
- Piv txwv ntawm Alkenes
Kev faib tawm
Hauv alkanes, ob pawg loj feem ntau lees paub nrog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm lawv: qhib saw (tseem hu ua acyclic) thiab kaw saw (lossis cyclical).
Thaum cov saw sib txuas qhib tsis muaj qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov hydrogens uas nrog txhua lub atom carbon, lawv hu ua tawm alkanes: cov no yog cov alkanes uas yooj yim tshaj plaws. Thaum lawv nthuav tawm qhov kev hloov pauv, lawv raug hu ua branched alkanes. Cov neeg hloov pauv feem ntau yog pawg hydroxyl thiab methyl, thiab halogens.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj cov sib xyaw nrog ib lub voj voog nyob hauv cov molecule thiab lwm tus nrog ob peb; lawv hu ua monocyclic thiab polycyclic, feem. Cyclic alkanes tuaj yeem yog homocyclic tshuaj los yog heterocyclic tshuaj.
- Cov qub tau tsim nrog kev cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms.
- Hauv qhov kawg, lwm cov atoms koom nrog, piv txwv li, oxygen lossis leej faj.
Lub cev muaj zog
Feem ntau, lub cev lub cev ntawm alkanes tau ua los ntawm pawg molecular (tig los txuas rau qhov ntev). Cov uas muaj tus lej qis tshaj ntawm cov carbons yog cov cua ntawm chav sov, cov ntawm 5 txog 18 carbon atoms yog kua, thiab siab dua tus lej no khoom (zoo ib yam li siv quav ciab).
Ua tsawg ntom tshaj dej, lawv zoo li ntab saum nws. Feem ntau, alkanes yog insoluble hauv dej thiab soluble hauv cov kuab tshuaj organic. Lawv nthuav qhia qib siab ntawm kev ua kom muaj zog.
Cov cov alkanes yog yus tus kheej tshuaj lom neeg sib txuas ntawm heevtsis zoo reactivity, uas yog vim li cas lawv kuj tseem hu ua "paraffins" (hauv Latin, pab affinis txhais tau tias "tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo"). Qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas alkanes tuaj yeem ua tau yog hlawv, tsim kom muaj cua sov, carbon dioxide thiab dej thaum muaj oxygen.
Alkanes yog lub hauv paus rau ntau yam tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev cuam tshuam cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem kev lag luam tseem ceeb, ua cov roj ntau tshaj plaws. Lawv kuj tshwm sim ua cov khoom kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem lom xws li methanogenic fermentation nqa los ntawm qee qhov cov kab mob me me.
Piv txwv ntawm alkanes
Peb yuav hais txog nees nkaum alkanes, suav nrog qee qhov paub zoo linear thiab branched sawv daws, mus rau qhov kawg ntawm cov npe:
- Chloroform (lub npe zoo nkauj ntawm trichloromethane; CHCl3) - vapors ntawm cov khoom no tau siv los ua tshuaj loog yav dhau los. Nws tau raug txiav txuas ntxiv rau lub hom phiaj no vim tias nws tau pom tias ua rau lub cev puas tsuaj, xws li daim siab lossis lub raum. Nws siv niaj hnub no feem ntau yog cov hnyav lossis txias.
- Methane (CH4) - qhov no yog qhov yooj yim alkane ntawm txhua qhov: nws tau tsim los ntawm tsuas yog ib qho carbon atom thiab plaub hydrogen. Nws yog cov pa uas tshwm sim ib txwm los ntawm kev sib cais ntawm cov organic sib txawv sib txawv, thiab yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov pa nkev. Nyob rau lub sijhawm tsis ntev los no nws tau raug lees paub tias yog ib qho ntawm cov roj cua uas ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws rau qhov hu ua tsev cog khoom.
- Octane (C8H18) - qhov no yog yim -carbon alkane thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias nws txiav txim siab qhov kawg ntawm naphthas, uas yog sib xyaw ntawm ntau yam hydrocarbons. Qhov zoo no tau ntsuas los ntawm tus lej octane lossis tus lej octane ntawm cov roj, uas siv raws li qhov ntsuas qis qis ib qho (ntsuas 100) thiab qhov ua rau muaj kev tawg ntau heev (qhov ntsuas 0).
- Hexane (C6H14) - yog qhov hnyav hnyav, nqus tau yuav tsum zam, vim nws muaj tshuaj lom heev.
- Butane (C4H10) - ua ke nrog propane (C.3H8), ua qhov thiaj li hu ua liquefied roj av roj (LPG), uas tau tsim hauv cov hnab roj thaum lub sijhawm cov txheej txheem rho tawm cov roj. Kev hloov roj av lossis roj av los ntawm LPG raws li roj tau nce ntxiv, vim nws yog ib puag ncig zoo dua cov pa roj carbon dioxide los ntawm kev tso tawm tsuas yog carbon dioxide thiab dej hauv nws cov hluav taws.
- Icosano - qhov ntawd yog nees nkaum-carbon alkane hu ua (ua ntej 'ico' txhais tau tias yog nees nkaum)
- Cyclopropane - yav tas los siv ua tshuaj loog
- n ua heptane - Cov alkane no yog qhov siv los ua piv txwv rau xoom taw tes ntawm qhov ntsuas octane ntawm cov roj av, uas yuav yog qhov xav tau tsawg tshaj plaws, txij li nws kub hnyiab heev. Nws tau los ntawm cov cob ntawm qee cov nroj tsuag.
- 3-ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane (C9H20)
- 2-methylbutane hmoov
- 3-chloro-4-n-propylheptane
- 3,4,6-trimethyl heptane
- 1-phenyl-1-bromoethane
- 3-ethyl-4-methylhexane
- 5-isopropyl-3-methylnonane
- tsheb kauj vab
- 1-Bromopropane hmoov
- 3-methyl-5-n-propyloctane
- 5-n-butyl-4,7-diethyldecane
- 3,3-dimethyl decane hmoov
Nws tuaj yeem pab koj:Piv txwv ntawm Hydrocarbons
