10 Piv txwv ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Zis - Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev

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Piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zas hlau
Lawv tuaj yeem pab koj

Cov cov ntaub ntawv zas hlau Lawv yog cov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov yas thiab hloov pauv tsis tu ncua, tsis muaj kev tawg lossis ua txhaum nws cov qauv, nyob rau lub ntsej muag ntawm kev txhawb nqa ntawm lub zog. Qhov tseeb, tus yam ntxwv ntawm lawv yog tias los ntawm kev txhawb nqa qhov ntev ntev ua kom nruj lossis cov xov ntawm qhov me me tab sis qhov qub tau txais.

Cov ntaub ntawv zas hlau yog qhov ntxeev ntawm cov khoom tawg. Tab sis lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob totaub nrog cov ntaub ntawv malleable.

Qhov no tsis txhais tau tias cov ntaub ntawv duct tsis tuaj yeem tawg; qhov tseeb, lawv ua, tab sis tom qab tau ntsib qhov tsis zoo deformations. Tsis yog nws txhais tau tias cov ntaub ntawv zas mos muag; lub zog tsim nyog rau nws qhov kev hloov pauv yog qhov txiav txim siab, thiab nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm lub zog tsis muaj zog yog li nws yuav hloov pauv, zoo li feem ntau ywj thiab thim rov qab.

Cov deformation ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zas hlau, ntxiv rau, nws tuaj yeem nce ntxiv thaum muaj kub, tsis tau ncav cuag cov npoo ntawm yaj, thiab tau ntsuas ncaj qha los ntawm kev muaj zog, tshwj xeeb hauv cov hlau. Cov tom kawg yog cov khoom siv ductile tshaj plaws, txij li lawv cov atoms Lawv tau teeb tsa hauv txoj hauv kev uas lawv tuaj yeem xaub ib leeg, yog li tso cai tsim cov xov hlau thiab xov ntawm cov tuab sib txawv.

Cov ntaub ntawv zas hlau muaj nuj nqis hauv metallurgical thiab cuab yeej tsim kev lag luamraws li lawv tuaj yeem siv cov duab tshwj xeeb ua ntej tawg. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thiab rov ua kom deformation yuav ua rau qaug zog hlau thiab nws tawg, pov thawj ntxiv los ntawm qhov nce ntawm qhov kub nyob hauv thaj chaw uas cuam tshuam kev quab yuam cuam tshuam.

Piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zas hlau

Cov hlau. Kuj tseem hu ua hlau thiab sawv cev los ntawm cov cim tshuaj Fe, nws yog plaub feem ntau muaj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb daim tawv nqaij, thiab muaj ntau tshaj nyob hauv ntiaj chaw vim tias lub ntiaj teb cov tub ntxhais tau ua los ntawm cov hlau thiab npib tsib xee hauv lub xeev ua kua, uas thaum txav tsim lub zog sib nqus muaj zog. Nws yog cov xim grey, malleable hlau nrog cov yam ntxwv sib nqus thiab tawv tawv thiab ntom. Yog li ntawd, hauv nws lub xeev dawb huv, tom kawg tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev muaj txiaj ntsig, yog li nws tau sib xyaw nrog cov pa roj carbon kom tau txais tsev neeg ntawm cov hlau, uas raws li kev faib ua feem ntawm cov khoom siv tam sim no tuaj yeem ntau dua lossis tsawg dua thiab ntau dua lossis tsawg dua tiv taus.
Ntoo. Nws yog cov khoom siv tau yooj yim zom zaws, nyob ntawm nws qhov xwm txheej thiab feem pua ntawm cov dej noo nyob hauv nws, nrog rau qhov chaw ntawm cov pob qhov nws muaj. Txawm li cas los xij, ua fibrous, nws tuaj yeem qhib tau yooj yim los ntawm cov rog ib puag ncig rau nws cov qoob loo.
Cov hlau. Lub npe no hu ua a sib tov ntawm cov hlau thiab cov pa roj carbon (txog li 2.14%) uas ua rau cov khoom siv tawv thiab nyuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ua ke nrog boron los tsim cov xov hlau ntawm cov tawv tawv tawv thiab ductility siab heev, lossis hauv cov hlau corrugated siv hauv kev tsim kho. Qhov no ua rau nws zoo tagnrho los tiv thaiv qhov hnyav yam tsis ua rau pob zeb tawg, tab sis tso cai rau me me deformations raws li qhov hnyav qhov hnyav.
Zinc. Zinc (Zn), lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau lub neej, hauv nws lub xeev dawb huv Nws muaj qhov ua tau zoo thiab tsis yooj yim, yog li nws muaj peev xwm yob nws mus rau hauv cov ntawv, nrawm thiab ua kom nws puas, tab sis qhov muaj cov kab mob me me los ntawm lwm cov ntsiab lus yog txaus ua rau nws tawg thiab tawg. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov hlau nplaum xws li uas ua los ntawm tooj dag.
Tus Coj. Qhov xim hlau ntawm lub rooj ntu, nrog lub cim Pb, tsis tau lees paub thaum lub sijhawm nws yog xim hlau vim nws qhov loj heev ntawm cov khoom siv elasticity. Nws yog ib qho hnyav, greyish, yoog raws thiab yooj yim yaj tau hlau. Nws tau siv niaj hnub no los ua lub npog cable, txij li nws qhov tshwj xeeb ductility ua rau nws tsim nyog heev, vim nws tuaj yeem nthuav dav kom haum rau qhov xav tau los npog.
Tooj dag. Tooj liab (70%) thiab zinc (30%) alloy, tshwj xeeb los ntawm nws cov ductility siab heev uas ua rau nws yog cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov ntim thiab ntim khoom, nrog rau cov cuab yeej uas tsis xav tau qhov hnyav. Ua ke nrog cov tin nws ua rau nws tiv taus oxide thiab saltpeter, dhau li ua tau malleable heev.
Yas. Tsis siv neeg ntau heev, cov khoom yas no muaj li ntawm cov calcium, roj av jelly thiab aliphatic sib txuas, tau tsim thaum xyoo 1880. Feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov xim thiab cuam tshuam nrog lub ntiaj teb ntawm menyuam txoj kev kawm, nws yog qhov muaj peev xwm hloov pauv yam tsis tawg, tso nws yooj yim ua haujlwm. nrog txhais tes., twj paj nruas lossis ib yam ntawm cov nplaim.
Tooj liab. Tooj liab (Cu) yog xim hlau hloov pauv xim liab, uas ua ke nrog kub thiab nyiaj yog tsav tsheb zoo dua hlau hluav taws xobVim li no, nws yog cov hlau nyiam dua thaum tsim cov kab hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, vim nws tseem muaj kev lag luam yooj yim, yoog raws thiab ductile.
Platinum. Qhov hnyav no, ua kom yooj yim thiab zas zas grayish-dawb cov hlau hloov pauv muaj nuj nqis hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab lub chaw soj nstuam vim yog tiv taus xeb thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Nws kuj tseem pom pom platinum (Pt) hauv catalytic additives rau tsheb, hluav taws xob tiv tauj thiab lwm yam kev thov uas ua kom zoo dua ntawm nws qhov ua haujlwm.
Aluminium. Aluminium (Al) yog cov hlau tsis muaj hlau nplaum thiab yog qhov thib peb feem ntau nyob hauv ntiaj teb daim av. Nws yog siv heev nyob rau hauv kev lag luam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, txawm hais tias nws tuaj yeem muab rho tawm los ua cov hlau tsuas yog los ntawm bauxite, vim nws cov khoom xws li qis ceev, kev ua kom sov thiab hluav taws xob siab, tiv taus xeb ntau, kev lag luam tus nqi thiab kev sib haum xeeb. Vim li no nws tau siv hlau ntau tshaj, nrog rau hlau, nyob rau xyoo pua 20th. Txawm hais tias nws lub cev ductility tsis zoo li hnyav, hauv cov khoom sib xyaw ua kom muaj tus yam ntxwv no tau txhawb ntxiv, ntxiv rau nws tiv taus kev ntxhov siab thiab xeb, feem ntau yog los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm Silicon (5 txog 12%) thiab magnesium.