20 Piv txwv ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Tsim Kho - Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev

Daim Duab: Kev Npaj Ntaub Ntawv Mus Mekas/ Thiab Lus Teb ສະຖານທູດ

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Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev
Hom khoom siv hauv tsev
Piv txwv ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev

Cov Cov ntaub ntawv tsim kho yog cov Cov Khoom Raw lossis, feem ntau, tsim cov khoom lag luam uas tsim nyog hauv kev tsim kho tsev lossis ua haujlwm hauv kev tsim vaj tsev. Lawv yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom tsim lossis tsim vaj tsev ntawm lub tsev.

Txij li lub sijhawm puag thaum ub, tib neeg tau tswj hwm txhawm rau txhim kho lawv lub neej zoo los ntawm kev siv cov ntsiab lus ntawm xwm, thiab Qhov no tau coj nws mus rau kev hloov pauv tshiab hauv cov tsev kom ua rau lawv xis nyob, tiv taus kev puas tsuaj ntau dua thiab hloov kho tshiab nrog kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis.. Hauv cov txheej txheem no, nws yuav tsum tau kawm txog cov ntaub ntawv tsim kho thiab lawv siv, kom paub xaiv lossis tsim qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau txhua lub sijhawm.

Hauv txheej txheem no, sib tov, cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab khoom siv hluavtaws, thiab kev tsim qauv ntse tau muaj qhov chaw tshwj xeeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev tsim vaj tsev. Ntau ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev yog tsim cov khoom lag luam tseem ceeb, thaum lwm tus yog cov khoom siv kho mob lossis hauv ib lub xeev ib nrab.

Saib kuj: Piv txwv ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Khoom Ntuj thiab Khoom Cuav

Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev

Txij li qhov kev xaiv ntse tau lees paub qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm vaj tsev, muaj qee qhov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev uas tau them nyiaj mloog:

Ceev. Kev sib txheeb ntawm pawg thiab ntim, uas yog, qhov teeb meem muaj nyob hauv ib chav.
Hygroscopicity. Muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov teeb meem los nqus dej.
Kev nthuav dav. Tendency ntawm teeb meem nthuav nws qhov loj me thaum muaj cua sov thiab cog lus nws thaum muaj txias.
Kev ua kom sov. Muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov teeb meem xa cua sov.
Kev siv hluav taws xob. Muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov teeb meem xa hluav taws xob.
Lub zog txhua yam. Tus nqi ntawm kev ntxhov siab uas muaj teeb meem tuaj yeem tiv taus yam tsis hloov pauv lossis tawg.
Elasticity. Muaj peev xwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kom rov zoo li qub thaum cov kev nyuaj siab uas deforms lawv tso tseg.
Yas. Muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov teeb meem kom hloov pauv thiab tsis tawg hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm kev nyuaj siab nyob rau lub sijhawm.
Kev nruj. Tendency ntawm teeb meem kom khaws nws cov duab nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm kev rau siab.
Fragility. Tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov teeb meem rau deform, xav kom tawg mus rau hauv daim.
Kuj rau corrosion. Muaj peev xwm tiv taus xeb tsis tawg lossis tawg.

Hom khoom siv hauv tsev

Muaj plaub hom ntaub ntawv tsim kho, raws li hom khoom siv raw uas lawv tsim, uas yog:

Pob zeb. Cov no yog cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lossis ua los ntawm pob zeb, pob zeb thiab teeb meem calcareous, suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv ruaj khov (uas tau sib xyaw nrog dej los ua cov tshuaj txhuam) thiab cov iav thiab iav, los ntawm av nplaum, av nkos thiab silicas raug rau txheej txheem tua hluav taws hauv qhov cub kub.
Nws yog xim hlau. Los ntawm cov hlau, pom tseeb, ib qho ntawm daim ntawv (hlau malleable) lossis xov (hlau zas). Muaj ntau zaus, cov hlau.
Organic. Los ntawm cov khoom siv organic, txawm tias lawv yog ntoo, cov yas los yog cov khoom siv.
Synthetics. Cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov txheej txheem hloov pauv tshuaj, xws li cov uas tau txais los ntawm distillation hydrocarbon lossis polymerization (yas).

Piv txwv ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev

Granite. Lub npe hu ua "pob zeb berroqueña", nws yog cov pob zeb uas tsim los ntawm cov quartz. Nws yog dav siv los ua paving pob zeb thiab ua rau phab ntsa thiab hauv pem teb (hauv daim ntawv ntawm slabs), cladding lossis countertops, muab nws qhov ntxim nyiam thiab nws ua tiav tiav. Nws yog pob zeb sab hauv, muab nws cov peev txheej zoo nkauj.
Marble. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pob zeb lossis cov vuas, cov pob zeb zoo li no muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov kws puab ntawm lub xyoo qub feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom kim heev thiab qee qhov kev xav, txawm hais tias niaj hnub no nws tau siv ntau dua txhua yam rau hauv pem teb, txheej txheej lossis cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Nws yog ib qho tshwm sim heev nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem kev ntseeg siab lossis kev ua koob tsheej ntawm xyoo dhau los.
Maas. Cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov limestone thiab av nplaum, calcined, hauv av thiab tom qab ntawd sib xyaw nrog gypsum, uas nws lub peev xwm tseem ceeb yog ua kom tawv tawv thaum sib cuag nrog dej. Hauv kev tsim kho nws tau siv los ua cov khoom siv tseem ceeb, sib xyaw ua ke nrog dej, xuab zeb thiab pob zeb, kom tau txais cov khaub ncaws zoo ib yam, tsis yooj yim thiab cov yas uas thaum ziab kom tawv thiab hu ua pob zeb.
Cib. Lub cib yog ua los ntawm cov av nplaum sib xyaw, tshem tawm kom txog thaum cov dej noo tawm thiab ua kom tawv kom txog thaum nws tau txais nws cov yam ntxwv zoo li tus duab plaub thiab nws cov xim txiv kab ntxwv. Nyuaj thiab nkig, cov thaiv no tau siv dav hauv kev tsim, muab lawv cov nyiaj txiag thiab kev ntseeg tau. Ib yam nkaus li cov vuas tau txais, ua los ntawm cov khoom zoo ib yam tab sis tuaj pwm txawv.
Iav Cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm sodium carbonate, cov xuab zeb silica thiab cov pob zeb lim dej nyob ib puag ncig 1500 ° C, cov khoom no nyuaj, tsis yooj yim thiab pob tshab tau siv dav los ntawm tib neeg hauv kev tsim txhua yam cuab yeej thiab ntawv, tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim kho. zoo tshaj plaws rau lub qhov rais: nws tso rau hauv lub teeb, tab sis tsis yog huab cua lossis dej.
Hlau. Hlau yog ntau dua los yog tsawg dua cov hlau thiab cov hlau tsis yooj yim, muaj lub zog ua haujlwm zoo thiab tiv taus xeb, uas tau los ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw nrog lwm cov hlau thiab tsis yog hlau xws li carbon, zinc, tin thiab qee qhov lwm yam. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau tseem ceeb siv hauv kev tsim kho, txij li cov qauv raug forged uas tom qab ntawd tau ntim nrog cov cement, hu ua "reinforced concrete".
Zinc. Cov hlau no, qhov tseem ceeb rau lub neej organic, muaj cov khoom uas tau ua nws zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom thiab rau lub ru tsev hauv kev tsim kho. Nws tsis yog ferromagnetic txhua, nws yog lub teeb, tsis yooj yim thiab pheej yig, txawm hais tias nws muaj lwm yam tsis zoo xws li tsis tiv taus, ua cua sov zoo heev thiab ua suab nrov ntau thaum cuam tshuam, piv txwv li, los nag.
Txhuas Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab, uas, zoo li zinc, yog lub teeb heev, pheej yig thiab yoog raws. Nws tsis muaj cov cuab yeej siv zog ntau, tab sis tseem yog qhov zoo rau kev siv xws li kws ntoo thiab, hauv cov hlau sib zog, rau chav ua noj thiab cov kav dej.
Coj. Tau ntau caum xyoo cov hlau lead tau siv los ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov kav dej hauv tsev, vim tias nws yog cov khoom siv ductile, ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg molecular elasticity thiab muaj zog tiv taus. Txawm li cas los xij, nws muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv, thiab cov dej ntws los ntawm cov kav dej coj mus ua paug nyob rau lub sijhawm, uas yog vim li cas nws thiaj li raug txwv nyob hauv ntau lub tebchaws.
Tooj liab. Tooj liab yog lub teeb, ua kom yooj yim, ductile, ci ci hlau thiab yog tus coj zoo ntawm hluav taws xob. Tias yog vim li cas nws thiaj yog cov khoom siv zoo tshaj rau kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob lossis hluav taws xob, txawm hais tias nws kuj tseem siv los tsim cov kav dej. Qhov kawg tau ua raws cov txheej txheem nruj thiab cov qauv zoo, raws li tooj liab oxide (xim ntsuab) hloov pauv ua tshuaj lom.
Ntoo. Ntau cov ntoo tau siv hauv kev tsim kho, ob qho tib si hauv txheej txheem kev tsim vaj tsev thiab ua tiav zaum kawg. Qhov tseeb, hauv ntau lub tebchaws muaj kev lig kev cai los tsim tsev ntoo, ua kom zoo dua nws cov txheeb ze pheej yig, nws lub siab tawv thiab tiv taus, txawm hais tias ua rau cov av noo thiab kab. Tam sim no ntau cov plag tsev tau ua los ntawm cov ntoo varnished (parquet), feem ntau ntawm cov qhov rooj thiab tseem muaj qee lub txee lossis rooj tog ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawd.
Roj hmab. Cov tshuaj no tau txais los ntawm tsob ntoo sov ntawm tib lub npe, tseem hu ua latex, muab ntau yam siv rau tus txiv neej, xws li kev tsim cov log tsheb, rwb thaiv tsev thiab tiv thaiv dej, nrog rau cov ntaub qhwv hauv cov pob qij txha thiab tiv thaiv cov yas rau ntoo lossis lwm qhov chaw. , hauv kev tsim kho vaj tsev.
Linoleum. Tau txais los ntawm cov roj linseed khov, sib xyaw nrog cov hmoov ntoo lossis hmoov cork, cov khoom no tau siv hauv kev tsim los ua cov ntaub pua tsev, feem ntau yog ntxiv cov xim thiab muab cov tuab tuab tsim nyog kom ua tau zoo ntawm nws yooj, tiv taus dej thiab nyiaj txiag.
Xyoob. Cov ntoo no los ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los, loj hlob ntawm cov ntoo ntsuab uas tuaj yeem ncav cuag 25 metres hauv qhov siab thiab 30 cm nyob rau hauv qhov dav, thiab thaum ib zaug qhuav thiab kho lawv ua tiav cov haujlwm zoo nkauj uas nquag heev hauv kev tsim sab hnub poob, ntxiv rau hauv kev tsim cov qab nthab. , palisades lossis cov plag tsev tsis tseeb.
Cork. Dab tsi peb nquag hu rau cork tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li cov tawv ntoo ntawm cov ntoo qhib ntoo qhib, tsim los ntawm suberin hauv qhov ntxeem tau, mos, ywj thiab lub teeb npuag siv rau cov ntawv tshaj tawm, raws li sau cov khoom, ua roj (nws lub zog caloric yog sib npaug ntawm cov thee ) thiab, hauv kev tsim kho, raws li kev sau hauv pem teb, lub ncoo nruab nrab ntawm cov phab ntsa thiab cov khoom siv sib luag (durlock los yog phab ntsa qhuav) thiab hauv daim ntawv thov kho kom zoo nkauj.
Polystyrene. Cov polymer no tau txais los ntawm polymerization ntawm cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab hydrocarbons (styrene), yog cov khoom siv tau lub teeb, ntom thiab tsis muaj dej, uas muaj lub peev xwm tiv thaiv tau ntau heev thiab, yog li ntawd, tau siv los ua hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev hauv cov tsev hauv lub caij ntuj no.
Silicone. Cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab thiab tsis muaj xim silicon polymer zoo kawg nkaus siv los ua cov foob thiab cov dej tsis ua haujlwm hauv cov tsev tsim thiab kav dej, tab sis kuj tseem yog cov khoom tiv thaiv ib ntus hauv kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob. Cov hom tshuaj no tau muab coj los ua ke thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1938 thiab txij li ntawd los lawv tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv ntau tus tib neeg.
Asphalt. Cov tshuaj no, cov nplaum, cov xim ua xim, tseem hu ua bitumen, tau siv ua cov dej tsis haum rau ntawm lub ru tsev thiab cov phab ntsa ntawm ntau lub tsev thiab, sib xyaw nrog cov pob zeb lossis cov xuab zeb, txhawm rau txhim kho txoj kev. Hauv cov xwm txheej tom kawg, nws ua raws li cov khoom siv binder thiab tau los ntawm cov roj.
Acrylics Nws lub npe tshawb fawb yog polymethylmethacrylate thiab nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv tseem ceeb plastics. Nws yeej dhau ntawm lwm cov yas rau nws lub zog, pob tshab thiab khawb tsis kam, ua rau nws yog cov khoom siv zoo los hloov iav lossis rau cov ntawv zoo nkauj.
Neoprene. Hom roj hmab hluavtaws no tau siv los ua tus muab tub lim rau cov qhaub cij thiab ua lub gasket (dej sib koom ua ke lossis lub gasket) txhawm rau tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob xau cov kua ntawm qhov sib tshuam ntawm cov kav dej, nrog rau cov khoom sib khi hauv lub qhov rais thiab lwm lub tsev qhib.