20 Piv txwv ntawm Cov Hlau thiab Cov Hlau Tsis Yog - Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev

Daim Duab: Physical Properties of Metals and Nonmetals - Part 1 | Don’t Memorise

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Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hlau thiab cov tsis yog hlau
Piv txwv ntawm cov hlau
Piv txwv ntawm cov hlau tsis yog

Txhua qhov teeb meem paub yog tsim los ntawm cov atoms, los ntawm 112 tshuaj lom neeg uas ua lub lub sij hawm. Cov ntsiab lus no tau cais, raws li lawv qhov xwm txheej thiab cov khoom, hauv hlau thiab tsis yog hlau.

Tsuas yog 25 ntawm 112 cov ntsiab lus yog xim hlau, feem ntau yog los ntawm cov zaub mov thiab nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab kev sib cuam tshuam tau ua tib zoo kawm los ntawm cov tshuaj inorganic. Ntawm qhov tod tes, seem ntawm cov ntsiab lus, cov uas tsis yog xim hlau, yog qhov tsim nyog rau lub neej thiab tsim cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv ntawm cov khoom paub organic.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hlau thiab cov tsis yog hlau

Hlau thiab tsis yog hlau yog qhov txawv ntawm lawv cov khoom siv tseem ceeb thiab lawv hom kev xav tau.

Cov hlau yog, tshwj tsis yog cov mercury, khib nyiab ntawm chav sov. Lawv ci, ntau dua lossis tsawg dua ductile thiab malleable, thiab lawv zoo conductors ntawm hluav taws xob thiab cua sov. Hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov pa lossis cov kua qaub, lawv ua rau oxidize thiab corrode (poob hluav taws xob) vim tias lawv cov txheej sab nrauv muaj qhov tshwm sim tsawg ntawm cov hluav taws xob (3 lossis tsawg dua).
Cov tsis muaj hlaues tsis txhob, lawv feem ntau yog cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm hluav taws xob thiab cua sov, ntawm qhov tshwm sim sib txawv heev thiab cov ntsiab lus melting feem ntau zoo hauv qab hlau. Ntau tus tsuas yog muaj nyob hauv biatomic (molecular) cov mis, lawv tuaj yeem ua mos zoo li leej faj lossis tawv zoo li pob zeb diamond, thiab lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob hauv ib ntawm peb lub xeev ntawm qhov teeb meem: gaseous, kua thiab khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv lub ntsej muag tsis feem ntau cuam tshuam lub teeb thiab lawv tuaj yeem muaj xim sib txawv.

Thaum kawg, cov xim hlau feem ntau koom ua ke los ntawm kev sib txuas hluav taws xob (them ions), thaum cov khoom tsis yog xim hlau tsim cov txheej txheem txheej txheem molecular los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau yam (hydrogen, peptide, thiab lwm yam). Yog li ntawv organic tshuaj lossis lub neej yog qhov tom kawg, txawm hais tias lub cev muaj sia tau ua los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm ob hom ntsiab lus.

Piv txwv ntawm cov hlau

Hlau (Fe). Kuj hu ua hlauNws yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau uas muaj ntau tshaj nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab, uas ua rau lub plawv ntawm lub ntiaj teb, qhov uas nws nyob hauv lub xeev ua kua. Nws cov khoom tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws, sib nrug los ntawm nws qhov tawv thiab nkig, yog nws lub peev xwm loj ferromagnetic. Los ntawm kev sib xyaw nws nrog cov carbon nws tuaj yeem tau txais cov hlau.
Magnesium (Mg). Lub ntiaj teb thib peb muaj ntau tshaj plaws, ob qho tib si hauv nws cov tawv nqaij thiab yaj hauv hiav txwv, tsis tau tshwm sim hauv qhov lub xeev dawb huv, tab sis raws li ions hauv ntsev. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub neej, siv tau rau cov khoom sib txuas thiab kub hnyiab tau.
Kub (Au). Ib qho ci, mos daj muaj nuj nqis hlau uas tsis ua rau feem ntau tshuaj lom neeg tshwj tsis yog cyanide, mercury, chlorine, thiab tshuaj dawb. Thoob plaws keeb kwm nws tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg kev lag luam kev coj noj coj ua, ua lub cim ntawm kev muaj nyiaj thiab txhawb nqa txiaj ntsig.
Nyiaj (Ag). Lwm qhov ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig yog dawb, ci, ductile thiab malleable, nws tau pom nyob rau hauv cov xwm raws li ib feem ntawm ntau yam zaub mov lossis raws li cov qia dawb huv ntawm cov khoom, vim nws muaj ntau heev hauv ntiaj teb cov av. Nws yog tus coj zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cua sov thiab hluav taws xob paub.
Txhuas (Al). Lub teeb heev, tsis muaj hlau nplaum, yog qhov thib peb muaj ntau tshaj hauv ntiaj teb daim av. Nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev lag luam thiab hlau thiab hlau kev lag luam, txij li dhau los ntawm cov hlau phom nws tuaj yeem tau txais cov kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntau dua tab sis uas khaws lawv cov kev ua tau zoo. Muaj qis ceev thiab zoo heev tiv thaiv corrosion.
Nickel (Ni). Hlau dawb heev zas thiab malleable heev, tus coj zoo ntawm hluav taws xob thiab cua sov, nrog rau ua ferromagnetic. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau ntuag, nrog rau iridium, osmium, thiab hlau. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub neej, vim nws yog ib feem ntawm ntau cov enzymes thiab protein ntau.
Zinc (Zn). Nws yog cov hlau hloov pauv zoo ib yam li cadmium thiab magnesium, feem ntau siv hauv cov txheej txheem galvanizing, uas yog, tiv thaiv txheej ntawm lwm yam hlau. Nws tiv taus cov yas deformation txias, uas yog vim li cas nws thiaj li ua haujlwm siab dua 100 ° C.
Ua (Pb). Tsuas yog lub hauv paus muaj peev xwm txwv tsis pub muaj xov tooj cua yog txhuas. Nws yog lub hauv paus tshwj xeeb, muab nws qhov tshwj xeeb molecular yooj yim, yooj yim yaj thiab txheeb ze tiv taus cov muaj zog xws li sulfuric lossis hydrochloric.
Tin (Sn). Hnyav thiab yooj yim hlau oxidation, siv nyob rau hauv ntau cov hlau nplaum txhawm rau tiv thaiv xeb. Thaum khoov, nws tsim lub suab sib txawv heev uas tau hu ua "tin tin."
Sodium (Na). Sodium yog cov mos mos, nyiaj alkali hlau pom hauv hiav txwv ntsev thiab hauv cov ntxhia halite. Nws yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau zoo, oxidizable, thiab muaj kev ua phem exothermic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thaum sib xyaw nrog dej. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev paub cov kab mob muaj sia.

Piv txwv ntawm cov hlau tsis yog

Hydrogen (H). Qhov feem ntau thiab muaj ntau hauv lub ntiaj teb, nws yog cov pa uas pom ob qho tib si hauv huab cua (raws li diatomic molecule H₂) raws li yog ib feem ntawm feem coob ntawm cov organic sib txuas, thiab tseem kub hnyiab los ntawm fusion hauv plawv lub hnub qub. Nws tseem yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws, tsis muaj ntxhiab, tsis muaj xim thiab tsis yaj hauv dej.
Cov pa (O). Qhov tsis tseem ceeb rau lub neej thiab siv los ntawm cov tsiaj rau lawv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tau txais lub zog (ua pa), cov pa no (O₂) daim ntawv ua tau zoo heev cov oxide nrog yuav luag txhua lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub sijhawm ntu tshwj tsis yog cov pa nkev siab. Nws tsim yuav luag ib nrab qhov hnyav ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov pom dej (H₂LOS YOG).
Cov pa roj carbon (C). Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm txhua yam tshuaj lom neeg organic, ib txwm rau txhua tus paub tias muaj sia nyob thiab ib feem ntawm ntau dua 16 lab sib txuas uas xav tau nws. Nws tau pom nyob rau hauv xwm hauv peb daim ntawv sib txawv: carbon, graphite, thiab pob zeb diamond, uas muaj tib tus lej ntawm cov atoms, tab sis tau teeb tsa hauv ntau txoj kev. Ua ke nrog cov pa nws ua cov pa roj carbon dioxide (CO₂) qhov tseem ceeb rau photosynthesis.
Cov leej faj (S). Lub ntsiab muag muag, muaj ntau thiab nrog tus yam ntxwv ntxhiab, nws ib txwm muaj rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm yuav luag txhua yam muaj sia nyob, thiab muaj ntau nyob hauv cov xwm txheej roob hluav taws. Daj thiab tsis yaj hauv dej, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub neej cov organic thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov txheej txheem kev lag luam.
Phosphorus (P). Txawm hais tias tsis tau nyob hauv lub xeev ib txwm muaj, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm ntau cov organic sib txuas thiab ntawm haiv neeg nyobxws li DNA thiab RNA, lossis ATP. Nws yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv heev thiab thaum nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov pa nws tso tawm lub teeb.
Nitrogen (N). Feem ntau diatomic gas (N₂) uas suav nrog 78% ntawm huab cua hauv huab cua thiab tam sim no muaj ntau yam tshuaj organic xws li ammonia (NH)₃), txawm hais tias yog cov pa hluav taws xob tsawg dua piv rau hydrogen lossis oxygen.
Helium (Nws). Qhov thib ob feem ntau nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov khoom lag luam ntawm lub hnub qub fusion ntawm hydrogen, los ntawm cov khoom hnyav dua tshwm sim. Nws hais txog a Cov roj zoo, uas yog hais, ntawm yuav luag xoom reactivity, tsis muaj xim, tsis muaj ntxhiab thiab lub teeb heev, feem ntau siv raws li rwb thaiv tsev los yog ua tub yees, hauv nws cov kua.
Tshuaj (Cl). Cov tshuaj chlorine hauv nws daim ntawv dawb huv yog cov pa roj tsw qab heev (Cl) nrog cov ntxhiab tsw. Txawm li cas los xij, nws muaj ntau nyob rau hauv qhov thiab yog ib feem ntawm ntau cov organic thiab inorganic tshuaj, ntau yam uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub neej. Ua ke nrog hydrogen, nws tsim hydrochloric acid (HCl), yog ib qho muaj zog tshaj plaws uas muaj.
Iodine (kuv). Cov ntsiab lus ntawm pab pawg ntawm halogens, nws tsis zoo heev thiab tsis muaj hluav taws xob, txawm tias nws tau siv tshuaj, hauv kev yees duab thiab ua xim. Txawm hais tias tsis yog hlau, nws muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau thiab ua rau muaj mercury thiab leej faj.
Selenium (Se). Dej tsis haum hauv dej thiab cawv, tab sis soluble hauv ether thiab carbon disulfide, cov khoom no muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (nws hloov lub teeb rau hluav taws xob) thiab yog ib feem tsim nyog ntawm kev tsim cov iav. Nws tseem yog cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig rau txhua hom kev ua neej, tseem ceeb rau ntau cov amino acids thiab muaj nyob hauv ntau yam zaub mov.