Zoo Siab
Cov biomolecules Lawv yog cov lwg me me uas muaj nyob hauv txhua qhov muaj sia nyob. Nws tuaj yeem hais tias biomolecules tsim txhua yam haiv neeg nyob tsis hais nws loj npaum li cas.
Txhua lub molecule (suav nrog biomolecule) yog tsim los ntawm atoms. Cov no hu ua bioelements. Txhua bioelement tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov pa roj carbon, hydrogen, cov pa, nitrogen, leej faj thiab ntais ntawv. Txhua lub biomolecule yuav suav nrog qee qhov ntawm cov bioelements no.
Muaj nuj nqi
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm biomolecules yog "ua ib feem ntawm txhua qhov muaj sia". Ntawm qhov tod tes cov no yuav tsum tsim cov qauv ntawm tes. Nws kuj tseem yuav yog qhov biomolecules yuav tsum ua qee yam haujlwm ntawm qhov tseem ceeb rau lub cell.
Hom biomolecules
Biomolecules tuaj yeem muab cais ua cov tsis muaj tshuaj lom biomolecules xws li Dej, cov Cov ntxhia ntsev thiab cov pa roj av, thaum cov organic biomolecules tau faib cais raws li lawv ua ke ntawm cov molecules thiab cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb.
Muaj 4 hom cov organic biomolecules:
Cov carbohydrates. Lub cell xav tau carbohydrates vim tias lawv muab lub zog zoo. Cov no yog ua los ntawm 3 bioelements: Cov pa roj carbon, Hydrogen thiab Cov pa. Raws li kev sib xyaw ntawm cov molecules no, carbohydrates tuaj yeem yog:
- Monosaccharides. Lawv tsuas muaj ib qho molecule ntawm txhua tus. Hauv pab pawg no yog txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Glucose tseem yog monosaccharide thiab muaj nyob hauv cov ntshav ntawm cov tsiaj txhu.
- Disaccharides. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ob lub carbohydrates monosaccharide yuav tsim cov disaccharide. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog sucrose pom hauv qab zib thiab lactose.
- Polysaccharides. Thaum peb lossis ntau dua monosaccharides koom nrog lawv yuav ua rau muaj carbohydrate polysaccharide biomolecule. Qee qhov no yog hmoov txhuv nplej siab (pom hauv cov qos yaj ywm) thiab glycogen (pom hauv lub cev ntawm cov neeg muaj sia, feem ntau yog hauv cov leeg nqaij thiab hauv lub siab lub cev).
Saib kuj: Piv txwv ntawm Monosaccharides, Disaccharides thiab Polysaccharides
Cov lipid. Lawv tsim cov cell membrane thiab yog tseg hwj chim rau lub cev. Qee zaum cov no tuaj yeem yog cov vitamins lossis cov tshuaj hormones. Lawv tau tsim los ntawm cov kua qaub thiab cawv. Nyob rau hauv lem lawv muaj cov saw dav dav ntawm atoms cov pa roj carbon thiab hydrogen. Lawv tsuas tuaj yeem yaj hauv cov tshuaj xws li cawv lossis ether. Yog li, nws tsis tuaj yeem yaj cov no hauv dej. Lawv tuaj yeem raug faib raws li lawv cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb rau hauv 4 pawg:
- Lipids nrog lub zog ua haujlwm. Lawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov rog. Nws yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg adipose uas ntau tus neeg muaj sia nyob hauv qab daim tawv nqaij. Cov lipid no tsim cov insulating thiab tiv thaiv txheej los ntawm qhov txias. Nws kuj tseem muaj nyob hauv cov nplooj ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm ziab tawm yooj yim.
- Lipids nrog cov qauv ua haujlwm. Lawv yog phospholipids (lawv muaj cov tshuaj phosphorous molecules) thiab ua cov membrane ntawm hlwb.
- Lipids nrog kev ua haujlwm hormonal. Cov no tseem hu ua "tshuaj steroids”. Piv txwv: cov tshuaj hormones txiv neej pw ua ke.
- Lipids nrog kev ua haujlwm vitamin. Cov lipids no muab cov tshuaj rau kev loj hlob tsim nyog ntawm cov tsiaj txhu. Qee qhov no yog cov vitamins A, D, thiab K.
Saib kuj: Piv txwv ntawm lipid
Cov protein. Lawv yog biomolecules uas ua tiav ntau yam haujlwm hauv lub cev. Lawv yog tsim los ntawm cov molecules ntawm cov pa roj carbon, cov pa, hydrogen thiab nitrogen.
Cov protein no muaj cov amino acids. Muaj 20 hom sib txawv ntawm cov amino acids. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov amino acids no yuav ua rau cov protein sib txawv. Txawm li cas los xij (thiab muab ntau qhov sib xyaw ua ke) lawv tuaj yeem faib ua 5 pawg loj:
- Cov txheej txheem protein. Lawv yog ib feem ntawm lub cev ntawm txhua tus neeg muaj sia nyob. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm pab pawg ntawm cov protein no yog keratin.
- Cov tshuaj hormones. Lawv tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm pab pawg no yog insulin, uas muaj lub luag haujlwm tswj hwm cov piam thaj nkag mus rau hauv lub cell.
- Kev tiv thaiv cov protein. Lawv ua haujlwm tiv thaiv lub cev. Ntawd yog, lawv muaj lub luag haujlwm tawm tsam thiab tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm cov kab mob me me, kab mob lossis kab mob. Cov no muaj lub npe ntawm tshuaj tiv thaiv. Piv txwv: cov qe ntshav dawb.
- Thauj cov protein. Raws li lawv lub npe qhia, lawv muaj lub luag haujlwm thauj cov tshuaj lossis cov molecules los ntawm cov ntshav. Piv txwv: hemoglobin.
- Proteins ntawm kev ua enzymatic. Lawv ua kom nrawm cov khoom noj los ntawm cov kabmob sib txawv ntawm lub cev. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog amylase uas zom cov piam thaj kom tso cai rau nws nqus tau zoo los ntawm lub cev.
Saib kuj: Piv txwv cov protein
Nucleic acids. Lawv yog cov kua qaub uas yuav tsum, raws li lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes. Tab sis lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog kom dhau ntawm cov khoom siv caj ces los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam. Cov kua qaub no yog tsim los ntawm cov molecules ntawm cov pa roj carbon, hydrogen, cov pa, nitrogen thiab ntais ntawv. Cov no tau muab faib ua chav nyob uas hu ua cov nucleotides.
Muaj ob hom nucleic acids:
- DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
- RNA: ribonucleic acid
Cov carbohydrates
Monosaccharide carbohydrates
- Aldosa
- Khetos
- Deoxyribose
- Fructose hmoov
- Galactose
- Ntshav qab zib
Disaccharide carbohydrates
- Cellobiose
- Isomalt
- Lactose lossis mis qab zib
- Maltose los yog malt qab zib
- Sucrose los yog pas nrig qab zib thiab beets
Polysaccharide carbohydrates
- Hyaluronic acid
- Agarose
- Hmoov txhuv nplej siab
- Amylopectin: cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab
- Amylose
- Cellulose
- Dermatan sulfate hmoov
- Fructosan
- Glycogen
- Paramilon
- Peptidoglycans
- Proteoglycans
- Keratin sulfate hmoov
- Chitin
- Xylan
Cov lipid
- Avocado (cov roj tsis txaus)
- Txiv laum huab xeeb (tsis muaj rog)
- Nqaij npuas (saturated fat)
- Ham (saturated fat)
- Mis nyuj haus (Saturated Fat)
- Ceev (tsis muaj roj)
- Olive (tsis muaj roj)
- Ntses (polyunsaturated rog)
- Cheese (saturated rog)
- Canola Noob (Fat Unsaturated)
- Nqaij npuas (Saturated Fat)
Cov protein
Cov txheej txheem protein
- Collagen (cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas)
- Glycoproteins (yog ib feem ntawm daim nyias nyias ntawm tes)
- Elastin (cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas)
- Keratin los yog keratin (epidermis)
- Histones (chromosomes)
Cov tshuaj hormones
- Calcitonin
- Glucagon
- Kev loj hlob hormone
- Cov tshuaj insulin Hormonal
- Hormones pab tub rog
Kev tiv thaiv cov protein
- Immunoglobulin
- Thrombin thiab fibrinogen
Thauj cov protein
- Cytochromes
- Hemocyanin
- Hemoglobin
Enzymatic ua cov protein
- Gliadin, los ntawm cov nplej nplej
- Lactalbumin, los ntawm mis
- Ovalbumin Reserve, los ntawm qe dawb
Nucleic acids
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- Neeg xa xov liaison RNA (ribonucleic acid)
- Ribosomal RNA
- Artificial nucleic RNA
- Hloov RNA
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
- ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
- AMP (adenosine monophosphate)
- GTP (guanosine triphosphate)
