15 Piv txwv ntawm Oxidizers - Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev

Daim Duab: Oxidizing Agents and Reducing Agents

Zoo Siab

Cov tshuaj "redox"
Piv txwv ntawm oxidizers

Cov tshuaj oxidizers (O) yog cov tshuaj oxidizing uas, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, tuaj yeem sib xyaw nrog roj thiab tsim khoom, meej, hlawv. Hauv cov txheej txheem no oxidizer txo qis rau roj thiab tom kawg yog oxidized los ntawm yav dhau los.

Cov tshuaj tua kab mob yog cov neeg ua rau oxidizing, nquag ua rau exothermic txo qis-oxidation tshua (lawv tsim cua sov), ntau yam ntawm cov tshuaj no tau suav nrog ntawm qhov txaus ntshai lossis ua tib zoo saib xyuas, vim tias lawv tuaj yeem ua rau mob hnyav.

Kuj tseem hu ua oxidizer, los ntawm kev txuas ntxiv, txhua qhov nruab nrab uas tuaj yeem hlawv tau.

Saib kuj: Piv txwv ntawm Cov Roj

Cov tshuaj "redox"

Cov oxidizersRaws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, lawv tsim "redox" cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas yog, txo qis ib ntus thiab oxidation. Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hom no, kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob tshwm sim rau qhov uas cov oxidant tau txais cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (txo) thiab cov txo qis poob hluav taws xob (oxidizes). Txhua lub Cheebtsam koom nrog, ntxiv rau, tau txais lub xeev oxidation.

Piv txwv ntawm hom tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog kis mob, tshuaj sib xyaw lossis tshuaj txhuam hniav.

Piv txwv ntawm oxidizers

Cov pa (O₂). Cov tshuaj oxidizer yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, koom nrog yuav luag txhua qhov kev phom sij lossis tawg tau. Qhov tseeb, cov hluav taws zoo tib yam tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum nws tsis tuaj. Feem ntau, redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm cov pa tsim tawm, ntxiv rau lub zog, qhov ntau ntawm CO₂ thiab dej.
Ozone (cov₃). Ib puag ncig cov pa roj carbon monoxide tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim, txawm hais tias muaj ntau nyob hauv txheej txheej saum toj ntawm huab cua, nws feem ntau siv hauv kev lim dej thiab lwm yam txheej txheem uas ua kom zoo dua nws lub peev xwm oxidizing.
Cov tshuaj hydrogen peroxide (H₂LOS YOG₂). Kuj tseem paub tias yog hydrogen peroxide lossis dioxogen, nws yog cov tshuaj tsw qab heev, muaj cov tshuaj oxidizing heev, feem ntau siv los tua cov qhov txhab lossis tshuaj plaub hau. Nws cov mis tsis ruaj khov thiab ua rau tawg mus rau hauv dej thiab cov pa oxygen, tso tawm lub zog cua sov hauv cov txheej txheem. Nws tsis yog cov nplaim taws, tab sis nws tuaj yeem tsim hluav taws kub hnyiab thaum muaj tooj liab, nyiaj, tooj liab lossis qee yam organic teeb meem.
Hypochlorites (ClO). Cov ions no muaj nyob hauv ntau qhov sib txuas xws li kua tshuaj dawb (sodium hypochlorite) lossis hmoov (calcium hypochlorite), uas tsis ruaj tsis khov thiab zoo li yuav tawg thaum muaj hnub ci, cua sov thiab lwm yam txheej txheem. Lawv ua rau huab cua sov heev rau cov organic, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib txuas, thiab ua rau manganese, tsim cov tshuaj permanganates..
Cov tshuaj permanganates. Cov no yog cov ntsev tau los ntawm cov tshuaj permanganésic acid (HMnO₄), los ntawm qhov uas lawv tau txais cov anion MnO₄^– thiab yog li ntawd manganese hauv nws lub xeev oxidation siab tshaj. Lawv zoo li muaj cov xim violet muaj zog thiab muaj qhov kub hnyiab heev hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov organic., tsim cov nplaim hluav taws thiab tuaj yeem ua rau kub hnyiab loj.
Peroxosulfuric acid (H.₂SW₅). Cov xim tsis muaj xim no, yaj tau ntawm 45 ° C, muaj cov ntawv thov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo raws li tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws, thiab nyob rau tiam ntawm cov kua qaub ntsev thaum muaj cov ntsiab lus xws li potassium (K). Thaum muaj cov molecules organic, xws li ethers thiab ketones, nws tsim cov qauv tsis ruaj khov heev los ntawm peroxygenation, xws li acetone peroxide.
Acetone peroxide (C.₉H₁₈LOS YOG₆). Paub tias yog peroxyketone, cov organic sib xyaw no yog cov tawg heev, vim nws tau yooj yim heev rau cua sov, txhuam lossis cuam tshuam. Tias yog vim li cas ntau tus neeg phem tau siv nws ua lub foob pob hauv lawv qhov kev tawm tsam thiab tsis yog ob peb tus kws tshuaj tau raug mob thaum tuav nws. Nws yog cov qauv tsis ruaj khov heev, uas thaum decomposed rau lwm yam tshuaj ruaj khov tso tawm ntau lub zog (entropic tawg).
Halogens. Qee cov ntsiab lus ntawm pab pawg VII ntawm lub sijhawm ntu, hu ua halogens, zoo li tsim cov ions uas tsis muaj txiaj ntsig vim lawv xav tau hluav taws xob kom ua tiav lawv lub zog kawg, yog li tsim cov ntsev hu ua halides uas muaj oxidizing heev.
Tollens cov tshuaj reagent. Lub npe hu ua German chemist Bernhard Tollens, nws yog cov dej sib xyaw ntawm diamine (ob pawg amines: NH)₃) thiab nyiaj, ntawm kev sim siv hauv kev kuaj pom aldehydes, txij li lawv lub peev xwm oxidizing muaj zog hloov pauv lawv mus rau hauv carboxylic acids. Tollens reagent, txawm li cas los xij, yog khaws cia rau lub sijhawm ntev, tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov ntawv nyiaj ua kom tiav (AgCNO), cov ntsev ntsev ntau heev..
Osmium Tetroxide hmoov(Xyooj₄). Txawm hais tias tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim ntawm osmium, cov khoom sib xyaw no muaj ntau qhov kev thov nthuav dav, siv, thiab cov khoom siv. Hauv cov khoom, piv txwv li, nws yog qhov hloov pauv tau yooj yim: nws hloov mus ua roj ntawm chav sov. Txawm hais tias yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj zog, nrog ntau qhov siv hauv chav kuaj ua tus catalyst, nws tsis cuam tshuam nrog feem ntau cov carbohydrates, tab sis nws muaj tshuaj lom nyob rau hauv tus nqi tsawg dua li qhov pom tau los ntawm tib neeg tsis hnov tsw.
Perchloric acid ntsev (HClO₄). Perchlorate ntsev muaj cov tshuaj chlorine nyob rau hauv lub xeev oxidation siab, ua rau lawv zoo tshaj rau kev sib xyaw cov khoom tawg, cov khoom siv pyrotechnic thiab cov foob pob hluav taws, vim tias lawv yog cov tshuaj oxidizer zoo nrog kev sib tawg me me.
Nitrates (tsis muaj₃^–). Zoo ib yam li cov poov tshuaj permanganates, lawv yog cov ntsev uas nitrogen nyob hauv lub xeev oxidation tseem ceeb. Cov hom sib xyaw no tshwm sim ib txwm nyob rau hauv kev decomposition ntawm cov khoom pov tseg xws li urea lossis qee cov protein nitrogen, tsim cov tshuaj ammonia lossis ammonia, thiab tau siv dav hauv chiv. Nws kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov hmoov dub, siv nws lub zog oxidation los hloov cov pa roj carbon thiab leej faj thiab tso tawm lub zog caloric..
Sulfoxides. Tau txais feem ntau los ntawm cov organic oxidation ntawm sulfides, hom sib xyaw no tau siv hauv ntau cov tshuaj kws tshuaj thiab thaum muaj cov pa ntau ntxiv lawv tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv lawv cov txheej txheem oxidation kom txog thaum lawv dhau los ua sulfones, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li tshuaj tua kab mob.
Chromium trioxide (CrO₃). Cov khoom sib xyaw no yog cov xim dub tsaus, yaj hauv dej thiab tsim nyog hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm galvanizing thiab chromating ntawm cov hlau. Tsuas yog tiv tauj nrog ethanol lossis lwm yam tshuaj lom hauv lub cev ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tam sim ntawm cov khoom no., uas yog tshuaj lom ntau, tshuaj lom thiab ua rau mob qog noj ntshav, ntxiv rau yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm hexavalent chromium, yog ib yam tshuaj muaj teeb meem rau ib puag ncig.
Sib xyaw nrog cerium VI. Cerium (Ce) yog cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lanthanides, cov hlau mos mos, ua zas, yooj yim oxidized. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cerium oxides tau txais yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam, tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim cov khoom sib dhos thiab ua lub pob zeb sib zog ("tinder") los ntawm kev siv cov hlau nrog hlau., txij li tsuas yog kev sib txhuam nrog lwm qhov chaw yog txaus los tsim cov txim taws thiab siv tau cua sov.