20 Piv txwv ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Hlau thiab Cov Khoom Uas Tsis Muaj Hlau - Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev

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Cov khoom siv hlau
Hom khoom siv hlau
Piv txwv ntawm cov khoom siv hlau
Piv txwv ntawm cov khoom siv uas tsis yog hlau

Thaum koj tham txog cov khoom siv hlauthiab tsis-ferrous (lossis ferric), hais txog cov khoom siv hlau tshwj xeeb, raws li muaj lossis tsis muaj hlau ua ib qho ntawm nws cov khoom.

Tsuas yog cov hlau ntshiab (hauv nws qib sib txawv), hlau feem ntau yog cov khoom siv hlau lossis sib xyaw hlau thiab lwm yam khoom siv, zoo li cov pa roj carbon. Thaum cov hlau tsis yog hlau tuaj yeem yog ib qho tseem ceeb (ua los ntawm ib leeg atomic ntsiab) lossis lwm cov hlau tsis muaj hlau.

Cov khoom siv hlau

Cov khoom siv hlau, plaub feem ntau hom hlau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab, yog qhov txawv ntawm cov khoom siv tsis yog hlau hauv lawv cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tsis kam, malleability, zoo conduction ntawm tshav kub thiab hluav taws xob, nrog rau qhov muaj peev xwm rov qab siv lawv los ntawm lawv cov foundry thiab forging tshiab, tab sis saum toj no tag nrho rau nws cov lus teb siab rau lub zog sib nqus (ferromagnetism).

Ua tsaug rau qhov kawg, cov khoom siv ferrous tuaj yeem sib cais los ntawm cov hlau tsis huv hauv nroog pov tseg los ntawm cov txheej txheem sib nqus sib nqus.

Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias lawv tau xav tau ntau ntawm qib kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb, suav nrog ntawm 1 txog 2% ntawm tag nrho cov tsev neeg pov tseg (tshwj xeeb yog cov kaus poom zaub mov), vim nws tus nqi qis thiab muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo nrog lwm cov hlau kom tau txais tus yam ntxwv tshiab thiab txhim kho lawv cov khoom.

Hom khoom siv hlau

Txhua cov hlau hlau haum rau hauv ib ntawm peb hom no, raws li cov ntsiab lus uas sau lawv:

Hlau ntshiab thiab hlau mos. Nrog cov pa roj carbon tsawg heev lossis, txawm hais tias tsis tshua muaj, nyob hauv lub xeev huv.
Hlau. Cov hlau hlau thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv (feem ntau yog cov pa roj carbon thiab silicon), uas cov khoom siv tom kawg yeej tsis tshaj 2% ntawm cov ntsiab lus.
Foundries. Nrog cov pa roj carbon lossis lwm yam khoom siv hauv qhov ntsuas ntau dua 2%.

Piv txwv ntawm cov khoom siv hlau

Ntshiab hlau. Cov khoom siv no, yog ib qho ntawm ntau tshaj nyob hauv ntiaj chaw, yog hlau nyiaj grey ntawm kev muaj peev xwm sib nqus, zoo tawv thiab ceev. Nws tau txiav txim siab ntshiab thaum nws koom ua ke rau hauv 99.5% ntawm atoms ntawm tib lub ntsiab lus thiab, txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, muab nws tsis muaj zog (Nws yog nkig), nws cov ntsiab lus melting siab (1500 ° C) thiab nrawm oxidation nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj xwm txheej.
Qab zib hlau. Kuj hu ua wrought hlauNws muaj cov ntsiab lus carbon tsawg heev (nws tsis ncav cuag 1%) thiab nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntshiab tshaj plaws ntawm cov hlau uas muaj. Nws yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov hlau phom thiab forging, tom qab ua kom sov mus rau qhov kub siab heev thiab rauj nws liab liab, vim nws txias thiab tawv heev.
Cov Hlau. Paub tias yog kev tsim cov hlau, nws yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau tseem ceeb uas tau tsim hauv kev lag luam hlau thiab yog ib qho uas tau siv dav hauv ntiaj teb. Nws yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog cov pa roj carbon hauv qhov sib txawv sib txawv: 0.25% hauv cov hlau me, 0.35% hauv ib nrab qab zib, 0.45% hauv ib nrab nyuaj thiab 0.55% hauv tawv.
Silicon Hlau. Kuj tseem hu ua hluav taws xob hlau, hlau sib nqus lossis hlau rau hloov pauv, uas twb tau qhia tawm hauv kev lag luam uas nws tau siv tshaj plaws, nws yog cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw nrog qib sib txawv ntawm silicon (ntawm 0 txog 6.5%), ntxiv rau manganese thiab txhuas (0.5%). Nws lub txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog qhov muaj kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob siab heev.
Stainless hlau. Cov hlau hlau no yog nrov heev, muab nws lub zog tiv taus xeb thiab ua haujlwm ntawm cov pa oxygen (oxidation), cov khoom lag luam ntawm nws cov khoom tsim los ntawm chromium (10 txog 12% yam tsawg kawg nkaus) thiab lwm yam hlau xws li molybdenum thiab npib tsib xee.
Galvanized hlau. Qhov no yog lub npe muab rau hlau npog nrog txheej txheej zinc, uas, yog cov hlau uas tsis tuaj yeem oxidizable ntau, tiv thaiv nws los ntawm huab cua thiab ua rau qeeb qeeb nws cov xeb. Qhov no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua cov yeeb nkab thiab cov kav dej.
Damascus hlau. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm hom hlau tshwj xeeb no tau xav tias yog nyob hauv Middle East (Syrian lub nroog Damascus) nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th thiab 17th, thaum ntaj ua los ntawm cov khoom siv no tau hais dav hauv Europe, vim lawv qhov hnyav thiab "yuav luag eternal "ntug .. Nws tseem tab tom sib tham qhov tseeb yog txheej txheem siv tau li cas thaum lub sijhawm, txawm hais tias niaj hnub no nws tau rov ua dua rau ntau yam riam thiab hlau txiav tais diav.
Hlau "wootz”. Cov hlau no ib txwm tau txais los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov hlau seem (ore lossis cov hlau npua) nrog cov hluav ncaig ntawm cov zaub keeb kwm thiab iav, hauv cov cua sov ntawm qhov kub. Cov hlau no muaj ntau cov carbides uas ua rau nws tshwj xeeb nyuaj thiab tsis deformable.
Hlau foundries. Qhov no yog lub npe muab rau cov hlau nplaum nrog cov ntsiab lus siab carbon (feem ntau ntawm 2.14 thiab 6.67%) uas cov hlau tau raug, kom tau txais cov tshuaj ntawm qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom (dawb cam khwb cia hlau) lossis ruaj khov thiab siv tau (cam khwb cia hlau txho).
Permalloy. Cov hlau nplaum sib nqus ntawm cov hlau thiab npib tsib xee hauv ntau qhov sib piv, ua kom muaj lub zog sib nqus zoo thiab tiv thaiv hluav taws xob, uas ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau kev ntsuas lub ntsuas, lub taub hau sib nqus thiab lwm yam siv hauv kev lag luam.

Piv txwv ntawm cov khoom siv uas tsis yog hlau

Tooj liab. Nrog cov cim tshuaj lom Cu, nws yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus teev sijhawm. Yog hlau zas thiab lub tshuab xa hluav taws xob zoo thiab cua sov, uas yog vim li cas nws thiaj siv ntau hauv kev sib txuas lus thiab tsis ntau hauv cov haujlwm uas xav tau kev nruj.
Txhuas. Lwm qhov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cua sov zoo tshaj plaws, txhuas yog ib qho ntawm cov hlau uas nrov tshaj plaws niaj hnub no, vim nws qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ntom ຂຶ້ນ zoo nkauj thiab lom zem heev li os cov phooj ywg sawv daws, ua tsaug ntau ntau rau nej suav daws los koom nrog.
Tin. Feem ntau siv los tiv thaiv cov hlau los ntawm oxidation, nws yog cov ntom ntom ntom ntom, cov xim zoo nkauj uas, thaum khoov, tso tawm qhov tawg uas hu ua "tin tin". Nws yog mos heev thiab yoog raws ntawm chav sov, tab sis thaum ua kom sov nws ua nkig thiab nkig.
Zinc. Siab tiv taus xeb thiab xeb, uas yog vim li cas nws thiaj siv feem ntau hauv cov txheej txheem galvanizing, cov khoom no yog lub teeb thiab pheej yig, uas yog vim li cas nws thiaj li xav tau kev lag luam siab hauv peb lub sijhawm.
Tooj dag. Nws yog cov hlau tooj liab thiab zinc (nruab nrab ntawm 5 txog 40%), uas txhim kho lub zog tensile ntawm ob qho hlau yam tsis tau tshem tawm lawv lub teeb thiab ntom ntom. Nws tau siv dav hauv kev tsim khoom kho vajtse, cov kav dej thiab cov cuab yeej feem ntau.
Tooj liab. Nrog cov hlau sib xyaw raws li tooj liab thiab ntxiv 10% tin, cov hlau no tau txais uas tiv taus ntau dua li tooj dag thiab ductile, uas tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg, mus rau qhov muab nws lub npe rau hnub nyoog ntawm kev vam meej. Nws tau siv hauv cov mlom, cov khoom siv ntxiv thiab cov yuam sij, ntawm ntau txhiab qhov kev siv.
Magnesium. Muaj ntau heev nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab thiab yaj hauv dej hiav txwv, cov xim hlau no yog cov yam tseem ceeb ions rau lub neej nyob hauv ntiaj chaw, txawm li cas los xij nws tsis yog feem ntau pom nyob hauv lub xeev dawb hauv xwm, tab sis yog ib feem ntawm cov sib txuas loj dua . Reacts nrog dej thiab yog cov nplaim taws heev.
Titanium. Nyuaj dua hlau, tab sis kuj tseem tiv taus xeb thiab ntawm qhov nyuaj, nws yog cov hlau ntau hauv qhov (tsis nyob hauv nws lub xeev ntshiab) tab sis kim rau txiv neej, yog li nws tsis siv dav. Nws tau siv ntau zaus hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv kho mob prostheses.
Npib tsib xee. Lwm cov tshuaj lom neeg hlau, nyiaj-dawb thiab ductile, tsis yooj yim, nyuaj, uas tiv taus oxidation thiab, txawm tias tsis yog ferrous, muaj cov khoom sib nqus pom tau zoo heev. Nws tseem yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm ntau yam cov organic sib txuas tseem ceeb.
Kub. Lwm qhov ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig, tej zaum qhov zoo tshaj plaws paub thiab nyiam tshaj plaws muab nws cov lag luam thiab kev txaus siab rau kev lag luam. Nws cov xim yog daj daj thiab nws yog ductile, malleable thiab cov khoom hnyav uas cuam tshuam rau cyanide, mercury, chlorine thiab tshuaj dawb.