Zoo Siab
Yog npe hlau mus rau txheej txheem uas ob lossis ntau lub ntsiab lus, feem ntau yog xim hlau, ua ke rau hauv ib chav uas tau txais cov khoom zoo ntawm ob qho tib si. Feem ntau cov hlau nplaum raug txiav txim siab sib tov, txij li cov atoms ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tsis tsim tawm, tshwj tsis yog qee zaum tsawg, tshuaj lom neeg uas cuam tshuam lawv cov atoms.
Feem ntau, cov tshuaj siv hauv cov hlau yog xim hlau: hlau, txhuas, tooj liab, txhuas, thiab lwm yam, tab sis a nws yog xim hlau nrog cov uas tsis yog xim hlau: carbon, leej faj, arsenic, phosphorus, thiab lwm yam.
Txawm li cas los, cov khoom ua los ntawm kev sib tov ib txwm muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau (ci, nws tsav tsheb cua sov thiab hluav taws xob, muaj ntau dua lossis tsawg dua qhov nyuaj, ntau dua lossis tsawg dua qhov ua tsis tau zoo, ntau dua lossis tsawg dua ductility, thiab lwm yam), hloov kho lossis ntxiv dag zog nrog kev ntxiv ntawm lwm cov khoom.
Hom alloys
Nws feem ntau yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hlau nplaum raws li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ib lub hauv paus ntawm lwm tus (piv txwv li, cov tooj liab tooj liab), tab sis kuj Lawv raug cais raws li tus nqi ntawm cov khoom koom nrog hauv kev sib xyaw, yog:
- Binary. Lawv tau tsim los ntawm ob lub ntsiab lus (lub hauv paus thiab lub caij sib xyaw ua ke).
- Ternary. Lawv tau tsim los ntawm peb lub ntsiab lus (lub hauv paus thiab ob lub hlau nplaum).
- Quaternary. Lawv tau ua los ntawm plaub lub ntsiab lus (lub hauv paus thiab peb cov hlau sib xyaw).
- Nyuaj. Lawv tau ua los ntawm tsib lossis ntau lub ntsiab lus (lub hauv paus thiab plaub lossis ntau yam sib xyaw).
Lwm qhov kev faib tawm tau sib txawv ntawm cov hlau hnyav thiab lub teeb, raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv hauv paus hlau. Yog li, aluminium alloys yuav yog lub teeb, tab sis cov hlau alloys yuav hnyav.
Cov khoom sib zog
Cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm txhua cov hlau lawv vam khom cov ntsiab lus koom nrog hauv kev sib xyaw, tab sis kuj ntawm qhov sib piv uas muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm lawv.
Yog li, los ntawm kev ntxiv ntau cov khoom siv sib xyaw ua ke, qee cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv hauv paus yuav raug hloov pauv ntau dua, ua rau lwm tus puas tsuaj. Qhov kev faib ua feem no, nyob ntawm cov hlau sib txawv, tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm qhov feem pua tsawg kawg (0.2 txog 2%) lossis ntau qhov pom tau hauv qhov sib xyaw.
Piv txwv ntawm cov hlau nplaum
- Hlau. Cov hlau no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim kho kev lag luam, txij li nws tau siv los ua kab teeb lossis txhawb nqa rau nchuav pob zeb lossis pob zeb ua ke. Nws yog cov khoom tiv taus thiab tsis yooj yim, cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov hlau thiab cov pa roj carbon, feem ntau, txawm hais tias nws tseem tuaj yeem muaj cov silicon, leej faj thiab cov pa oxygen hauv qhov sib piv me dua. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cov pa ua rau cov hlau tiv taus xeb thiab ntau dua nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, yog li tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim nws tshaj li qhov feem pua me me. Raws li qhov muaj ntawm lub caij kawg no, tau txais ntau yam ntawm cov hlau uas siv tau.
- Tooj dag. Cov khoom siv no tau siv dav hauv cov thawv ntim khoom lag luam, tshwj xeeb yog cov khoom siv rau cov khoom noj uas tsis yooj yim sua, nrog rau hauv cov kav dej hauv tsev thiab cov kais dej. Tau txais los ntawm cov hlau tooj liab thiab zinc, nws yog qhov yooj yim heev thiab yoog raws thiab ci yooj yim thaum txhuam. Raws li kev faib ua feem ntawm cov ntsiab lus, nws muaj peev xwm tau txais kev hloov pauv nrog ntau yam khoom: ntau dua lossis tsawg dua tiv taus oxidentau dua los sis tsawg dua, thiab lwm yam.
- Tooj liab. Cov tooj liab tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej, ua cov khoom siv los ua cov cuab yeej, riam phom thiab khoom siv ua kab ke. Ntau lub tswb tau ua nrog cov khoom siv no, ntxiv rau ntau npib, cov khoom plig, cov pej thuam hauv lub tebchaws thiab ntau yam kev siv hauv tsev, ua kom zoo dua nws qhov ua tsis tau zoo thiab nws cov nyiaj tau los ntawm tooj liab thiab tin.
- Stainless hlau. Qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau zoo tib yam (carbon hlau) tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau nws qhov kev tiv thaiv corrosion ntau heev, ua rau nws zoo tagnrho rau kev ua cov khoom hauv chav ua noj, qhov chaw pib, thiab cov cuab yeej siv kho mob. Txhawm rau kom tau cov hlau no, chromium thiab npib tsib xee tau siv hauv hlau nrog hlau.
- Amalgam. Hauv qhov tsis siv qhov tseeb vim nws cov ntsiab lus muaj mercury uas ua rau nws lom me ntsis rau tib neeg lub cev, cov hlau ntim no tau siv los ua tshuaj txhuam hniav los ntawm kws kho hniav. Nws yog cov hlau ntawm cov nyiaj, tin, tooj liab thiab mercury hauv cov khoom qab zib uas ua kom tawv thaum nws qhuav.
- Duralumin. Duralumin yog lub teeb thiab tiv taus cov hlau, uas ua ke cov yam ntxwv ntawm tooj liab thiab txhuas, uas nws cov hlau nws yog cov khoom. Nws tau siv hauv kev lag luam dav hlau thiab lwm yam uas xav tau lub teeb, tsis yooj yim thiab xeb-tiv taus cov khoom.
- Pewter. Cov khoom lag luam ntawm cov hlau zinc, txhuas, tin thiab antimony, nws yog cov khoom siv ntev hauv kev piav qhia cov khoom siv hauv chav ua noj (khob, phaj, lauj kaub, thiab lwm yam) vim nws lub teeb ci thiab ua kom sov. Nws yog malleable heev, cov cuab yeej uas nws tsis ntseeg tau txais los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb elasticity ntawm txhuas.
- Dawb kub. Ntau cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub (cov nplhaib, cov saw caj dab, thiab lwm yam) thiab cov khoom siv kom zoo nkauj yog tsim los ntawm qhov hu ua kub dawb: cov paj ntoo zoo nkauj heev, ci thiab zoo nkauj uas tau los ntawm kev sib xyaw kub, tooj liab, npib tsib xee thiab zinc. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj rau kev ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub uas sib dua li cov kub ntshiab, thiab nws tseem tso cai rau koj siv tsawg dua ntawm qhov no ntxhia muaj nuj nqis, ua tiav cov khoom pheej yig dua.
- Magnalium. Lwm hlau mas demanded los ntawm lub tsheb thiab Canning kev lag luam, vim txawm nws tsis tshua muaj ceev nws muaj hardness, toughness thiab tensile zog. Nws tau txais los ntawm kev sib xyaw txhuas nrog cov ntsiab lus magnesium (tsawg kawg 10%).
- Ntoo Hlau. Cov hlau no tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm kws kho hniav Barnabás Wood, nws yog tus tsim khoom, thiab yog ib qho hlau ntawm 50% bismuth, 25% txhuas, 12.5% tin, thiab 12.5% cadmium. Txawm hais tias nws muaj tshuaj lom, muab cov hmoov txhuas thiab cadmium nws muaj, nws tau siv rau hauv yaj thiab txuas, tso cov roj cua uas yuav tsum tsis txhob nqus. Niaj hnub no, txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj lwm yam tshuaj lom rau siv.
- Hlau Hlau. Qhov sib xyaw ntawm bismuth (32.5%), indium (51%) thiab tin (16.5%) dhau los ua kua ntawm 60 ° C, yog li nws tau siv rau kev tsim khoom lag luam thiab tsim qauv, lossis hloov pauv yam tsis muaj tshuaj lom ntawm Ntoo cov hlau.
- Galinstano. Ib qho ntawm cov hlau uas nws tau sim los hloov kev siv cov hlau nplaum nrog mercury (tshuaj lom), yog cov hlau phom sij ntawm gallium, indium thiab tin. Nws yog kua hauv chav sov thiab tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab tsis ntom ntau dua li mercury. Nws kuj muaj daim ntawv thov ua tub yees.
- Hlau Hlau. Kuj hu ua Rose Alloy Nws yog cov hlau siv dav hauv vuam thiab fusion, cov khoom lag luam tig los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm bismuth (50%), txhuas (25%) thiab tin (25%).
- NaK. Nws tau paub los ntawm lub npe no los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm sodium (Na) thiab potassium (K), cov tshuaj oxidizing heev, muaj peev xwm tso tawm ntau cov calories ntau (exothermic). Ob peb grams yog txaus, hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov pa oxygen hauv huab cua lawv txaus los pib tua hluav taws. Txawm li cas los xij, cov hlau phom no tau ua kua hauv chav sov thiab tau siv ua catalyst, tub yees lossis tshuab nqus tsev.
- Tseem ceeb. Refractory alloy ntawm cobalt (65%), chromium (25%) thiab molybdenum (6%) ntxiv rau lwm yam me me (hlau, npib tsib xee), nws tau tsim thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1932 thiab siv tau zoo vim nws lub teeb thiab huab tsis kam rau xeb thiab kub. Lawv tau tsim nrog cov khoom siv phais mob tseem ceeb, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob lossis cov chav sib txuas.
