Piv txwv ntawm APA Cov Qauv

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Piv txwv ntawm APA cov qauv

Cov APA cov cai Lawv yog cov txheej txheem thiab cov lus pom zoo rau kev npaj cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm lossis tshawb fawb. Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem no tau tsim los ntawm American Psycological Association thiab nws tau nthuav tawm thoob plaws ntiaj teb raws li tus qauv txheej txheem rau kev hais lus piav qhia thiab kev hais tawm.

Txoj cai no tau siv, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, hauv kev tshawb fawb kev kawm ua haujlwm thiab koom ua ke cov txheej txheem rau ib hom ntawv uas yuav tsum tau teeb tsa cov ntawv tag nrho: cov npoo, cov lus piav qhia, cov lej hauv qab thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj zaum kawg.

Cov qauv APA tau hloov kho tas li, ua ntu zus txuas ntxiv uas suav nrog hauv lawv phau ntawv qhia kev.

Nws tuaj yeem pab koj: Cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg

Cov paj ntoo. Cov npoo ntawm plaub sab yuav tsum yog 2.54 cm, nrog rau tag nrho cov ntawv.

Cov lus hauv qab. Cov ntawv yuav tsum tau qhia nrog tus lej lej txuas ntxiv mus (1, 2, 3) hauv lub cev ntawm cov ntawv. Yog tias lawv yog cov cim qhia uas txhim kho yam uas tau hais hauv txoj haujlwm, lawv yuav tsum mus rau taw ntawm nplooj ntawv thiab tuaj yeem nthuav tawm ntau daim ntawv. Yog tias lawv yog cov ntawv tag nrho lossis lwm yam khoom siv ntxiv, lawv yuav tsum mus raws li cov ntawv kawg. Cov ntawv hauv qab tsis siv rau cov lus qhia hauv kab ntawv.

Nplooj ntawv. Cov nplooj ntawv ntawm cov ntawv yuav tsum suav nrog nyob rau sab saud lossis sab laug, tshwj tsis yog, yog muaj, ntawm nplooj ntawv npog, nplooj ntawv npe thiab nplooj ua ntej (lees paub, epigraphs, thiab lwm yam) uas yuav raug coj mus rau hauv tus account zauv tab sis tsis yog Lawv yuav raug suav. Tus naj npawb nplooj ntawv yuav tsum muaj nrog lub npe ntawm tus sau ntawm cov ntawv: Lub Npe 103

Los ntshav. Thawj kab ntawm txhua kab lus (nrog rau kev zam ntawm thawj kab ntawm kab ntawv) yuav tsum tau nkag mus tsib qhov chaw ua ntej thawj lo lus. Qhov chaw no sib npaug rau ib lub tab (ntaus ntawm tus yuam sij tab).

Cov ntawv luv. Cov ntawv kawm feem ntau siv cov ntawv luv hauv lawv cov ntawv ua pov thawj, kev hais tawm lossis cov ntawv qhia:

- chav. (tshooj)
- ua ed. (tsab ntawv)
- rov. (kho dua tshiab)
- trad. (neeg txhais lus lossis txhais lus)
- s.f. ua. (tsis muaj hnub tim)
- p. (nplooj ntawv)
- pp paj. (nplooj ntawv)
- zaub qhwv. (ntim)
- tsis muaj (naj npawb)
- pt xab. (ib feem)
- supl (ntxiv)
- ua ed (tus tshaj tawm lossis tshaj tawm)
- comp. (tus sau)
- cov comps. (tus muab tso ua ke)

Verbatim citations tsawg dua 40 lo lus lossis tsib kab. Lawv yuav tsum tau muab ntim rau hauv ob kab lus hais ("") kom paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv tus kheej los ntawm cov ntawv sau tas, yam tsis hloov kho kab lus. Nws yuav tsum muaj nrog niam txiv siv:

Gautier lees paub txog kev coj ncaj ncees tias "nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev kos duab" (1985, p.4).

Cov lus piav qhia ntau dua 40 lo lus lossis tsib kab. Lawv tau sau rau hauv cov ntawv me me (ib lossis ob lub ntsiab lus) ntau dua li cov ntawv ib txwm muaj, nkag mus nrog ob lub tab thiab tsis muaj cov cim hais, raws li ib sab ntawm cov ntawv thiab nrog lawv niam txiv siv.

Paraphrase los yog paraphrase quotes. Cov kab lus, uas yog, lwm tus neeg lub tswv yim suav nrog hauv lawv tus kheej cov lus, yuav tsum ib txwm qhia txog tus thawj sau. Cov niam txiv siv nrog tus sau lub xeem thiab lub xyoo luam tawm ntawm nws cov haujlwm tau qhia nyob rau qhov kawg ntawm kab lus:

Cov qhov dub tso tawm cov duab pom tau ntawm hluav taws xob (Hawking, 2002) thiab ...

Cov lus qhia ua niam txiv. Txhua qhov kev hais tawm thiab cov kab lus ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv tshawb fawb cov ntsiab lus yuav tsum tau hais txog. Cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum qhia: lub npe ntawm tus sau sau + xyoo tshaj tawm ntawm cov ntawv + nplooj ntawv (yog tias muaj):

(Soublette, 2002, p. 45)
(Soublette, xyoo 2002)
(Soublette, p. 45)
(2002, p. 45)

Hais ob lossis ntau tus neeg sau ntawv. Yog tias cov ntawv sau muaj ntau dua ib tus sau, lawv lub npe yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv qhov kev siv, cais los ntawm tus lej thiab thaum kawg los ntawm tus cim "&":

Ob tus kws sau ntawv: Mckenzie & Wright, 1999, p. 100
Peb tus kws sau ntawv: Mckenzie, Wright & Lloyce, 1999, p. 100
Tsib tus sau: Mckenzie, Wright, Lloyce, Farab & López, 1999, p. 100

Cite tus kws sau ntawv tseem ceeb thiab cov koom nrog. Yog tias cov ntawv sau tau muaj tus sau tseem ceeb thiab koom tes, lub npe ntawm tus sau tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv qhov kev siv, thiab tom qab ntawd cov lus ua al:

Mckenzie, li al., 1999.
Mckenzie, Wright, li al., 1999.

Tsocai tus neeg sau. Cov ntawv sau uas tus sau tsis yog tus neeg tab sis yog tus tswv los ntawm lub tuam txhab lossis lub tsev haujlwm raug xa mus los ntawm kev tso lub npe lossis lub npe luv ntawm lub tuam txhab uas tus sau lub xeem yuav mus:

UN, xyoo 2010.
Microsoft xyoo 2014.

Sau tus tsis qhia npe. Hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm tus sau tsis qhia npe (uas tsis sib npaug rau cov sau tsis paub), lo lus Tsis qhia npe hloov chaw ntawm tus sau lub xeem thiab cov lus qhia ntxiv hauv hom ntawv tau saib xyuas:

Tsis qhia npe, 1815, p. 10

Cov npe ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teev keeb kwm (bibliography). Qhov kawg ntawm kev tshawb fawb ua haujlwm yuav tsum muaj cov npe nrog txhua cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg. Hauv daim ntawv no tus sau lub xeem lub npe tau teeb tsa tus tsiaj ntawv, thiab ntxiv xyoo ntawm kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv kab lus, lub npe hauv kab ntawv thiab cov ntawv kho tas li:

Xeem, Lub npe ntawm tus sau (xyoo luam tawm). Kev tsim nyog. Lub Nroog, Lub Tebchaws ntawm kev tshaj tawm: Tshaj tawm.

Nyeem cov lus qhia ntxaws ntawm phau ntawv. Rau ib phau ntawv tawg uas tsis tau tham nrog nws tag nrho, cov qauv hauv qab no yog siv:

Surname, Lub npe ntawm tus sau ntawm qhov tawg (xyoo tshaj tawm). "Lub npe ntawm qhov tawg". Hauv Surname, Muab tso ua ke lossis phau ntawv npe (pp. ntau ntawm nplooj ntawv nyob ntawm qhov kev faib ua feem cais nrog tus hyphen). Lub Nroog, Lub Tebchaws ntawm kev tshaj tawm: Tshaj tawm.

Xa cov ntawv xov xwm. Txhawm rau suav nrog cov ntawv xov xwm hauv kab ntawv sau, cov ntaub ntawv kho cov ntaub ntawv cuam tshuam nrog tus lej thiab ntim ntawm lub sijhawm yuav tsum suav nrog:

Lub Npe, Lub Npe ntawm tus sau kab lus (Hnub tshaj tawm). "Kab lus lub npe". Lub npe magazine. Ntim (Naj Npawb), pp. nplooj ntawv ntawm kab lus.

Xa cov ntawv hauv online. Cov kab lus hauv Is Taws Nem tau hais tawm hauv cov ntawv yuav tsum muaj qhov URL, yog li nws tuaj yeem rub tawm thiab sab laj:

Xeem, Lub Npe ntawm tus sau yog tias muaj (Hnub tshaj tawm). "Kab lus lub npe". Lub npe ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm online. Tau txais los ntawm http: // www. URL chaw nyob ntawm tsab xov xwm.

Xa cov ntawv xov xwm. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas kab lus los ntawm phau ntawv xov xwm, ua tiav cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tsab xov xwm tau muab, suav nrog tus sau (yog tias muaj):

Nrog tus sau: Xeem, Lub Npe ntawm tus sau (Hnub luam tawm). "Kab lus lub npe". Lub npe ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm, nplooj ntawv ntau.
Tsis muaj tus sau: "Lub npe ntawm kab lus" (Hnub tshaj tawm). Lub npe ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm, nplooj ntawv ntau.

Saib cov nplooj ntawv web. Txhawm rau suav nrog nplooj ntawv Internet uas tsis yog ntawv xov xwm online lossis ntawv xov xwm, cov qauv hauv qab no yog siv:

Xeem, Lub Npe ntawm tus sau (Hnub luam tawm). Lub npe ntawm lub vev xaib. Qhov chaw tshaj tawm: Cov tshaj tawm. Tau txais los ntawm: http: // www. URL ntawm nplooj ntawv

Saib yeeb yaj kiab. Rau txhua hom kev tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab, cov txheej txheem coj tus thawj coj los ua tus sau txoj haujlwm thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tuam txhab tsim khoom:

Lub Npe, Lub Npe ntawm tus sau (Xyoo pom). Zaj duab xis lub npe. Lub tsev ntau lawm.