20 Piv txwv ntawm Cov Tshuaj Corrosive - Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev

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Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj corrosive
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Cov tshuaj corrosive Lawv yog cov uas muaj peev xwm rhuav tshem lossis ua rau lub hauv paus puas tsuaj uas lawv rov los ntsib.

Cov tshuaj corrosive yog qhov txaus ntshai rau cov tsiaj muaj sia, tuaj yeem ua rau khaus lossis kub hnyiab rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij ntawm daim tawv nqaij, qhov muag, kab mob ua pa lossis lub plab zom mov uas tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus. Cov xwm txheej zoo li no hu ua tshuaj lom neeg.

Cov khoom siv no yuav tsum tau siv nrog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv uas tsim nyog: hnab looj tes, khaub ncaws, ntsej muag lub ntsej muag. Hauv cov chaw uas nws tau tso nyiaj lossis muaj nyob, raws li txoj cai thoob ntiaj teb, qhia meej nrog a tus qauv corrosion icon.

Feem ntau, cov tshuaj corrosive muaj pH heev, uas yog, tsis tshua muaj neeg acidic lossis yooj yim, txawm hais tias lawv tseem tuaj yeem ua rau cov tshuaj oxidizing zoo lossis lwm qhov. Hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov organic teeb meem acids catalyze lipid hydrolysis lossis denaturation ntawm protein ntau, kuj tseem ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig caloric uas nws cov txiaj ntsig sib koom ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov nqaij mos. Hauv paus, ntawm qhov tod tes, qhuav cov organic teeb meem nyob rau hauv txoj kev huab.

Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuaj corrosive

Hydrochloric kua qaub. Nrog rau cov mis HCl, thiab tseem hu ua muriatic kua qaub los yog etchingNws yog ib qho tshwm sim los rho tawm nws los ntawm ntsev dej hiav txwv, lossis los ntawm-tsim nws thaum lub sijhawm hlawv qee yam yas. Nws yog corrosive tsis tshua muaj thiab muaj pH qis dua 1, uas yog vim li cas nws thiaj li siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj, ua cov kuab tshuaj los yog ua cov catalyst hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj lwm yam.
Nitric kua qaub. Cov mis HNO₃, yog cov kua ua kua nquag siv los ua tshuaj reagent hauv chav kuaj, vim nws yog ib feem ntawm cov khoom uas ua Trinitrotoluene (TNT) lossis ntau yam chiv xws li ammonium nitrate. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem pom tau yaj hauv cov kua qaub los nag, ib tus paub ib puag ncig tshwm sim qhov tshwm sim ntawm dej qias neeg.
Sulfuric kua qaub. Nws cov mis yog H₂SW₄ thiab nws yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom lag luam tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, txij li nws tau siv ntau zaus kom tau txais cov chiv, lossis los ua ke cov kua qaub, sulfates lossis txawm tias hauv kev lag luam roj av. Nws kuj tseem siv tau hauv kev lag luam ntawm cov hlau thiab hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm txhua yam roj teeb.
Formic acid. Paub tias yog methanoic acid thiab formula CH₂LOS YOG₂, yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm cov organic acids, feem ntau zais los ntawm kab xws li liab ntsaum (Formica raug) lossis muv ua cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv tshuaj lom. Nws kuj tseem tsim los ntawm nettles, lossis hauv cov kua qaub los nag vim muaj huab cua phem. Hauv qhov me me nws tuaj yeem ua rau khaus me me, tab sis txawm tias yog keeb kwm keeb kwm nws yog cov kua qaub.
Concentrated acetic acid. Lub npe hu ua methylcarboxyl acid lossis ethanoic acid thiab tshuaj formula C₂H₄LOS YOG₂, yog cov kua qaub ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo, uas ua rau nws muaj cov yam ntxwv qab thiab saj. Nws kuj yog cov kua qaub organic, zoo li cov kua qaub, tab sis nws tsis muaj zog heev yog li nws daim ntawv thov sib txawv thiab tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov ntsiab lus siab heev nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev noj qab haus huv.
Zinc chloride. Zinc chloride (ZnCl₂) nws yog a khoom ntau dua lossis tsawg dua dawb thiab crystalline, soluble heev hauv dej, dav siv hauv kev lag luam textile thiab raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv chav kuaj. Nws tsis yog tshuaj lom tshwj xeeb, tab sis thaum muaj dej nws ua rau exothermically (txawm tias nyob hauv huab cua ib puag ncig) thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj xeb tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cellulose thiab txhob lo lo ntxhuav.
Aluminium chloride. Ntawm cov mis AlCl₃, Nws hais txog a sib xyaw uas muaj cov kua qaub thiab cov khoom siv yooj yim tib lub sijhawm, nyob ntawm seb nws tau diluted li cas. Nws yog neeg pluag hluav taws xob neeg xyuas pib thiab nws muaj cov ntsiab lus melting qis thiab kub npau npau, uas yog vim li cas nws thiaj li siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem tshuaj raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, hauv kev khaws ntoo lossis hauv kev tawg ntawm cov roj. Kev nthuav tawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw no ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau lub cev, thiab tuaj yeem tawm mus tas li nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv ntawm kev raug thiab nrog kev kho mob sai.
Boron trifluoride hmoov. Nws cov mis yog BF₃ thiab nws yog cov pa roj tsis muaj xim uas ua rau huab dawb nyob hauv huab cua. Nws nquag siv hauv chav kuaj ntshav li loj acid thiab hauv kev tau txais lwm cov sib xyaw nrog boron. Nws yog cov hlau muaj zog heev, uas tuaj yeem noj cov hlau tsis huv thaum muaj cov av noo.
Sodium hydroxide hmoov. Caustic soda lossis caustic soda, nrog rau cov mis NaOH, yog lub hauv paus desiccant uas muaj li cov dawb crystalline thiab ntxhiab tsw, uas nws yaj hauv dej lossis a kua qaub tsim kom muaj cua sov ntau. Nws tau siv ntau dua lossis tsawg feem pua ntshiab hauv daim ntawv, kev lag luam textile thiab xab npum, ntxiv rau hauv kev lag luam roj.
Potassium hydroxide. Paub tias yog cov tshuaj muaj kuab paug thiab nrog cov tshuaj lom KOH, nws yog cov tshuaj tsis muaj tshuaj lom ntau, uas nws lub cev ua xeb tau siv hauv daim ntawv thov ua cov roj saponifier (hauv kev tsim xab npum). Nws qhov kev sib tawg hauv dej yog exothermic, uas yog, nws tsim hluav taws xob cua sov.
Sodium hydride hmoov. Nrog rau cov mis NaH, nws yog cov tshuaj tsis zoo heev nrog cov xim pob tshab, cais ua ib qho puag muaj zog raws li nws muaj peev xwm deprotonizing ntau yam kab mob kuaj ntshav. Ntxiv rau qhov ntawd, nws yog lub tshuab nqus dej muaj zog, txij li nws khaws ntau cov tshuaj hydrogen, ua rau nws muaj kuab heev thiab siv los ua cov kuab tshuaj.
Dimethyl sulfate hmoov. Hauv cov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj, qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg C.₂H₆LOS YOG₄S yog tsis muaj xim, kua roj, nrog rau me ntsis tsw tsw, teev raws li muaj zog alkylator. Nws yog tshuaj lom heev: carcinogenic, mutagenic, corrosive thiab lom, yog li nws siv hauv chav kuaj methylation cov txheej txheem ib txwm hloov nrog lwm cov tshuaj reagents uas muaj kev nyab xeeb. Nws kuj yog ib puag ncig txaus ntshai thiab tsis hloov pauv, uas yog vim li cas nws thiaj li feem ntau tau suav hais tias yog tshuaj muaj kuab lom.
Phenol (carbolic acid). Tshuaj mis C₆H₆Los yog thiab ntau lub npe xaiv, qhov sib xyaw hauv nws daim ntawv dawb yog dawb lossis tsis muaj xim tsis muaj xim, uas tuaj yeem ua ke los ntawm oxidation ntawm benzene. Nws yog qhov xav tau siab hauv kev lag luam cob, ntxiv rau hauv kev tsim cov nylon, tab sis kuj yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab, tshuaj tua kab thiab tshuaj tua kab mob. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim nplaim taws thiab corrosive.
Acetyl chloride. Kuj tseem hu ua ethanoyl chloride, nws yog halide muab los ntawm ethanoic acid, uas nyob hauv chav sov thiab siab tsis muaj xim. Nws yog cov khoom sib xyaw uas tsis muaj nyob hauv ntuj, txij li thaum muaj dej nws decomposes rau hauv ethanoic acid thiab hydrochloric acid. Nws tau dav siv los ua xim, tshuaj tua kab, tshuaj tua kab thiab txawm tias ua tshuaj loog, txawm tias ua xeb los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
Sodium hypochlorite. Paub li cov tshuaj dawb Thaum yaj hauv dej, qhov sib xyaw nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg NaClO yog cov tshuaj muaj zog oxidant thiab muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo nrog cov tshuaj chlorine, yog li tsim cov roj ua kom tuag taus. Dav siv los ua tshuaj dawb, dej lim thiab tshuaj tua kab mob, txij li qee qhov nws muaj peev xwm yaj cov organic teeb meem ntawm kev sib cuag.
Benzyl Chloroformate hmoov Nws yog cov kua ua kua nrog cov ntxhiab tsw uas tuaj yeem ua los ntawm tsis muaj xim rau daj thiab muaj cov tshuaj lom C₈H₇ClO₂. Txaus ntshai rau ib puag ncig thiab tsiaj txhu hauv dej, nws dhau los ua phosphogen thaum ua kom sov thiab ua rau muaj hluav taws kub. Nws yog carcinogenic thiab muaj xeb heev.
Elemental alkali hlau. Ib qho hlau alkali hauv nws qhov kev qhia dawb huv lossis tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, xws li lithium (Li), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs) lossis Francium (Fr), reacts sai heev nrog cov pa thiab dej, yog li ntawd lawv yeej tsis pom hauv qhov xwm txheej hauv lawv lub hauv paus. Hauv ob qho xwm txheej no lawv tau ua phem heev, ua kom muaj cua sov ntau, uas yog vim li cas lawv thiaj tuaj yeem ua rau khaus lossis khaus thiab ua rau muaj kev phom sij.
Phosphorous pentoxide. Paub li phosphorous oxide (V) los yog phosphoric oxide hmoov, yog hmoov dawb ntawm cov qauv molecular P₂LOS YOG₅. Ua tsis tshua muaj neeg hygroscopic (desiccant), muaj cov yam ntxwv ua xeb heev thiab nws kev sib cuag ntawm txhua yam nrog lub cev yuav tsum raug zam. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws qhov kev sib tawg hauv dej ua rau muaj cov kua qaub uas ua rau muaj cov hlau, ua kom muaj cov tshuaj lom thiab cov nplaim taws.
Cov tshuaj calcium oxide. Hu ceev thiab nrog cov tshuaj lom CaO, nws yog cov khoom siv ntev los ntawm noob neej, uas tau txais los ntawm cov pob zeb limestone. Nws muaj daim ntawv thov hauv kev tsim kho thiab kev ua liaj ua teb, vim nws tsis muaj tshuaj lom lossis muaj kuab lom, tab sis thaum sib xyaw nrog dej nws ua rau exothermically, yog li nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov pa ua pa, tawv nqaij lossis ua rau lub qhov muag puas.
Cov tshuaj ammonia. Feem ntau ammonia, cov pa roj tsis muaj xim nrog cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab uas tsim los ntawm nitrogen (NH₃), tau tsim tawm hauv ntau cov txheej txheem organic uas tshem tawm nws mus rau ib puag ncig vim nws cov tshuaj lom. Qhov tseeb, nws muaj nyob hauv tib neeg cov zis. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus tso tawm cov pa roj av uas muaj teeb meem rau ib puag ncig, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tshuaj xws li ammonia anhydride.