20 Piv txwv ntawm Carbohydrates (thiab lawv cov haujlwm) - Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev

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Piv txwv ntawm carbohydrates thiab lawv txoj haujlwm

Cov carbohydrates, hu ua carbohydrates lossis cov carbohydrates, yog cov biomolecules tseem ceeb los muab lub zog rau cov muaj sia nyob tam sim thiab cov txheej txheem, uas yog vim li cas lawv thiaj li muaj nyob hauv cov qauv ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj thiab nceb.

Cov carbohydrates lawv yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw atomic Cov pa roj carbon, Hydrogen thiab Oxygen, tau teeb tsa hauv cov saw roj carbon thiab ntau yam txuas ua haujlwm pab pawg, xws li carbonyl lossis hydroxyl.

Li no lub sij hawm "Cov carbohydrates" tsis yog qhov tseeb tiag, txij li nws tsis yog lo lus nug ntawm hydrated carbon molecules, tab sis hais tias nws tseem yog vim nws qhov tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm kev tshawb pom ntawm no hom tshuaj lom neeg. Lawv tuaj yeem raug hu ua suab thaj, saccharides, lossis carbohydrates.

Cov molecular bonds ntawm carbohydrates muaj zog thiab muaj zog heev (ntawm hom covalent), uas yog vim li cas lawv thiaj li tsim tau daim ntawv khaws cia lub zog zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev siv tshuaj lom neeg hauv lub neej, tsim ib feem ntawm cov biomolecules loj xws li protein ntau los yog lipid. Ib yam li ntawd, qee qhov ntawm lawv yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov phab ntsa cell cog thiab cov cuticle ntawm arthropods.

Saib kuj: 50 Piv txwv ntawm Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates tau muab faib ua:

Monosaccharides. Tsim los ntawm ib qho molecule suab thaj.
Disaccharides. Ua los ntawm ob lub suab thaj molecules ua ke.
Oligosaccharides. Ua los ntawm peb mus rau cuaj piam piam thaj molecules.
Polysaccharides. Ntev cov piam thaj txuas uas cuam tshuam nrog ntau cov lwg me me thiab yog cov tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb lom rau cov qauv lossis lub zog cia.

Piv txwv ntawm carbohydrates thiab lawv txoj haujlwm

Ntshav qab zib. Isomeric molecule (muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ib yam tiam sis txawv architecture) ntawm fructose, nws yog cov khoom muaj ntau tshaj plaws hauv qhov, vim nws yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog ntawm qib cellular (los ntawm nws cov catabolic oxidation).
Ribose. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov lwg me me rau lub neej, nws yog ib feem ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev yooj yim xws li ATP (adenosine triphosphate) lossis RNA (ribonucleic acid), qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim tawm ntawm tes.
Deoxyribose. Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov pab pawg hydroxyl los ntawm hydrogen atom tso cai rau ribose hloov pauv mus rau hauv deoxysugar, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb los ua ke cov nucleotides uas tsim cov DNA sib txuas (deoxyribonucleic acid) qhov twg cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev ua neej nyob yog muaj.
Fructose hmoov. Tam sim no hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub, nws yog tus muam molecule ntawm cov piam thaj, ua ke uas lawv tsim cov piam thaj ntau.
Glyceraldehyde. Nws yog thawj cov monosaccharide qab zib tau los ntawm cov duab hluav taws xob, thaum lub sijhawm nws tsaus ntuj (Calvin voj voog). Nws yog theem nrab hauv ntau txoj hauv kev ntawm cov metabolism hauv qab zib.
Galactose. Cov piam thaj yooj yim no tau hloov pauv mus rau hauv qabzib hauv lub siab, yog li nws ua haujlwm thauj lub zog. Ua ke nrog qhov no, nws tseem tsim cov lactose hauv mis.
Glycogen. Dej tsis haum hauv dej, lub zog khaws cia polysaccharide muaj ntau hauv cov leeg, thiab kom qis dua hauv lub siab thiab txawm tias lub paj hlwb. Hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm lub zog xav tau, lub cev yaj nws los ntawm hydrolysis rau hauv cov piam thaj tshiab kom haus.
Lactose. Ua ke ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm galactose thiab piam thaj, nws yog cov piam thaj yooj yim hauv cov mis thiab cov kua mis (cheese, yogurt).
Eritrosa. Tam sim no hauv cov txheej txheem photosynthetic, nws muaj nyob hauv qhov ib txwm yog D-erythrose. Nws yog cov qab zib uas muaj suab thaj ntau nrog cov tsos zoo li syrupy.
Cellulose. Ua los ntawm cov piam thaj, nws yog biopolymer ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, nrog rau chitin. Cov fibers ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm cov nroj tsuag tau tsim los ntawm nws, muab kev txhawb nqa rau lawv, thiab nws yog cov khoom siv raw ntawm ntawv.
Hmoov txhuv nplej siab. Ib yam li glycogen khaws cia rau tsiaj, hmoov txhuv nplej siab ua rau zaub. Yog ib macromolecule ntawm polysaccharides xws li amylose thiab amylopectin, thiab nws yog lub zog siv hluav taws xob feem ntau siv los ntawm tib neeg hauv lawv txoj kev noj zaub mov tsis tu ncua.

Chitin. Cellulose ua dab tsi hauv cov cell cog, chitin ua rau cov kab mob hu ua fungi thiab arthropods, muab lawv nrog cov yam ntxwv muaj zog (exoskeleton).
Fucosa: Monosaccharide uas ua tus thauj tog rau nkoj rau cov piam thaj thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev sib xyaw ntawm fucoidin, polysaccharide rau kev siv tshuaj.
Ramnosa. Nws lub npe los ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas nws tau xub xub muab rho tawm (Rhamnus fragula), yog ib feem ntawm pectin thiab lwm yam nroj tsuag polymers, nrog rau cov kab mob me me xws li mycobacteria.
Glucosamine. Siv los ua kev noj haus ntxiv hauv kev kho kab mob rheumatic, cov amino-qab zib no yog cov monosaccharide ntau tshaj uas muaj, tam sim no nyob hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm cov kab mob hu ua fungi thiab hauv cov pob txha ntawm cov pob txha.
Saccharose. Kuj tseem paub tias yog cov piam thaj ntau, nws pom muaj ntau nyob hauv qhov (zib ntab, pob kws, qab zib, qab zib, beets). Thiab nws yog qhov qab zib tshaj plaws hauv tib neeg kev noj haus.
Stachyose. Tsis yog tib neeg zom tau yooj yim, nws yog tetrasaccharide cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev koom ua ke ntawm cov piam thaj, galactose thiab fructose, muaj nyob hauv ntau cov zaub thiab nroj tsuag. Nws tuaj yeem siv ua cov khoom qab zib ntuj.
Cellobiose. Ob lub suab thaj (ob lub suab thaj) uas tshwm thaum poob dej los ntawm cellulose (hydrolysis). Nws tsis dawb nyob rau hauv qhov.
Matosa. Malt qab zib, ua los ntawm ob lub suab qab zib molecules, muaj lub zog siab heev (thiab glycemic) thauj khoom, thiab tau txais los ntawm cov noob qoob noob qoob, lossis los ntawm hydrolysis ntawm hmoov txhuv nplej siab thiab glycogen.
Psycho. Monosaccharide tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim, tuaj yeem raug cais los ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob psychofuranin.Nws muab lub zog tsawg dua li sucrose (0.3%), uas yog vim li cas nws thiaj li tau tshawb xyuas tias yog khoom noj khoom haus hloov pauv hauv kev kho mob glycemic thiab lipid teeb meem.