20 Piv txwv ntawm Coenzymes - Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev

Daim Duab: Enzyme cofactors and coenzymes | Biology | Khan Academy

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Piv txwv ntawm coenzymes

Cov coenzymes los yog cosubstrates lawv yog hom me me ntawm organic molecule, ntawm qhov tsis yog protein ntau, nws lub luag haujlwm hauv lub cev yog thauj cov tshuaj lom neeg tshwj xeeb ntawm cov enzymes sib txawv, yam tsis tau koom nrog hauv tus qauv. Nws yog ib txoj hauv kev ua kom siv coenzymes, uas tau rov ua dua tshiab los ntawm cov metabolism, tso cai rau lub sijhawm txuas mus ntxiv thiab pauv cov tshuaj lom neeg nrog tsawg kawg ntawm kev siv tshuaj thiab lub zog.

Muaj ntau yam sib txawv ntawm coenzymes, qee qhov uas tshwm sim rau txhua hom kev ua neej. Ntau ntawm lawv yog cov vitamins lossis tuaj ntawm lawv.

Saib kuj: Piv txwv ntawm Enzymes (thiab lawv txoj haujlwm)

Piv txwv ntawm coenzymes

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH thiab NAD +). Tus neeg koom nrog hauv redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov coenzyme no muaj nyob hauv txhua qhov hlwb muaj sia nyob, xws li NAD + (tsim los ntawm kos los ntawm tryptophan lossis aspartic acid), cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidant thiab electron; lossis raws li NADH (cov khoom tiv thaiv oxidation), txo tus neeg sawv cev thiab tus pub dawb.
Coenzyme A (CoA). Lub luag haujlwm xa cov pab pawg acyl tsim nyog rau ntau yam kev hloov pauv hauv lub cev (xws li kev sib xyaw thiab oxidation ntawm cov rog rog), nws yog coenzyme pub dawb los ntawm cov vitamin B5. Nqaij, nceb thiab qe qe yog cov zaub mov nplua nuj hauv cov vitamins no.
Tetrahydrofolic acid (Coenzyme F). Paub tias coenzyme F lossis FH₄ thiab muab los ntawm folic acid (Vitamin B₉), yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm cov amino acids thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog purine, los ntawm kev sib kis ntawm methyl, formyl, methylene thiab formimino pawg. Qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov coenzyme no ua rau ntshav tsis txaus.
Cov vitamin K. Txuas nrog cov ntshav txhaws, nws ua tus ua haujlwm ntawm cov protein sib txawv hauv ntshav thiab osteocalcin. Nws ua tiav hauv peb txoj hauv kev: Vitamin K₁, muaj ntau nyob rau hauv ib qho kev noj haus thiab cov zaub keeb kwm; Cov vitamin K₂ ntawm cov kab mob keeb kwm thiab Vitamin K₃ ntawm hluavtaws keeb kwm.
Cofactor F420: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?. Tau txais los ntawm flavin thiab koom nrog hauv kev thauj cov hluav taws xob hauv kev tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom (redox), nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ntau cov txheej txheem ntawm methanogenesis, sulfitoreduction thiab tshem tawm cov pa oxygen.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Cov qauv no tau siv los ntawm txhua tus neeg muaj sia nyob los pub lub zog rau lawv tshuaj lom neeg thiab siv hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cellular RNA. Nws yog lub zog tseem ceeb hloov pauv molecule los ntawm ib lub cell mus rau lwm qhov.
S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). Koom nrog hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm cov pab pawg methyl, nws tau tshawb pom thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1952. Nws tau tsim los ntawm ATP thiab methionine, thiab tau siv los ua tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob Alzheimer's. Hauv lub cev nws tau tsim thiab siv los ntawm lub siab lub cev.
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) hmoov. Kuj tseem hu ua sapropterin lossis BH₄, yog qhov tseem ceeb coenzyme rau kev sib xyaw ntawm nitric oxide thiab hydroxylases ntawm cov ntxhiab tsw ntxhiab amino acids. Nws qhov tsis muaj peev xwm yog txuas nrog kev poob ntawm cov neurotransmitters xws li dopamine lossis serotonin.
Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone). Nws kuj tseem hu ua ubidecarenone lossis coenzyme Q, thiab nws ib txwm muaj rau yuav luag txhua lub hlwb mitochondrial uas twb muaj lawm. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua pa ntawm lub cev aerobic, ua kom 95% ntawm lub zog hauv tib neeg lub cev ua ATP. Nws tau txiav txim siab tias yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tau pom zoo raws li kev noj haus ntxiv, txij li thaum muaj hnub nyoog laus no coenzyme tsis tuaj yeem tsim ua ke ntxiv lawm.
Glutathione(GSH). Qhov tripeptide no yog tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob thiab tiv thaiv cell tiv thaiv dawb radicals thiab lwm yam co toxins. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb sib txuas hauv lub siab, tab sis txhua tus tib neeg ntawm tes muaj peev xwm ua nws los ntawm lwm cov amino acids, xws li glycine. Nws tau suav tias yog cov phooj ywg muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev tawm tsam mob ntshav qab zib, ntau yam txheej txheem carcinogenic thiab kab mob hauv lub paj hlwb.
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Nws yog cov kua qab zib uas ua haujlwm zoo li haib antioxidant thiab nws lub npe los ntawm tus kab mob uas ua rau nws tsis muaj peev xwm, hu ua scurvy. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov coenzyme no kim thiab nyuaj, yog li nws yuav tsum tau noj los ntawm kev noj zaub mov.
Vitamin B₁ (thiamine). Molecule soluble hauv dej thiab insoluble hauv cawv, tsim nyog hauv kev noj zaub mov ntawm yuav luag txhua vertebrates thiab ntau ntxiv cov kab mob me me, rau cov metabolism hauv carbohydrates. Nws qhov tsis muaj peev xwm hauv tib neeg lub cev ua rau muaj kab mob beriberi thiab Korsakoff syndrome.
Biocytin. Qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov cov pa roj carbon dioxide, nws tshwm sim ib txwm nyob hauv cov ntshav ntshav thiab cov zis. Nws tau siv hauv kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb los ua tincture rau cov leeg hlwb.
Vitamin B₂ (riboflavin). Cov xim daj no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev noj zaub mov zoo ntawm cov tsiaj, vim nws xav tau los ntawm txhua cov flavoproteins thiab cov metabolism hauv lub zog, lipidcarbohydrates, protein ntau thiab cov amino acids. Nws tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm mis nyuj, mov, lossis zaub ntsuab.
Vitamin B₆ (pyridoxine). Dej-soluble coenzyme tshem tawm los ntawm cov zis, yog li nws yuav tsum tau hloov los ntawm kev noj zaub mov: cov noob nplej, nplej, nplej, ntses, ntses thiab legumes, ntawm lwm yam khoom noj. Nws koom nrog hauv cov metabolism hauv cov neurotransmitters thiab nws muaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub zog hluav taws xob.
Lipoic kua qaub. Tau txais los ntawm octanoic fatty acid, nws tau koom nrog hauv kev siv cov piam thaj thiab hauv kev ua kom muaj ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Nws yog tsob ntoo keeb kwm.
Vitamin H (biotin). Kuj hu ua Vitamin B₇ los yog B.₈, yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tawg ntawm qee cov rog thiab cov amino acids, thiab sib xyaw los ntawm ntau kab mob plab
Coenzyme B.. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev cuam tshuam redox ib txwm muaj ntawm cov cim methane los ntawm cov kab mob microbial.
Cytidine triphosphate. Qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov metabolism hauv kev muaj sia nyob, nws yog lub zog muaj zog siab, zoo ib yam li ATP. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev sib txuas ntawm DNA thiab RNA.
Nucleotide suab thaj. Cov neeg pub mis qab zib monosaccharides, yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv txoj cai lij choj ntawm nucleic acids xws li DNA lossis RNA, los ntawm cov txheej txheem esterification.